International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology (IJARIT)
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Quels sont les freins au dépistage par les internes des violences sexuelles faites aux femmes ? Enquête qualitative au sein de la subdivision Océan Indien
No full textBackground: Sexual violence against women is a major public health problem in Reunion Island. The main objective of our study was to identify the main obstacles to the detection of sexual violence against women (SVW) by residents of the OI subdivision.Method: This was a qualitative study by individual interviews with residents from the OI subdivision from the medical gynecology, obstetrics gynecology , general medecine and urgence medecine. They were transcribed and analyzed by double thematic coding. Data saturation was achieved after 11 interviews and was confirmed by a twelve interview.Results: Interviews were conducted from November 2021 to January 2022. Data saturation was achieved after 11 interviews confirmed by a 12th. Our study reveals that screening for SVW is not an easy practice for participants. It is not systematic and performed only in case of signes of call. The main obstacle found was a lack of training of the residents in the subdivision on SVW. This main difficulty results in many other barriers such as imprecise knowledge of the definitions of SVW and their epidemiology on the island, but also a lack of tools necessary for screening and a difficulty in articulating the management network if SVW are found. They are also confronted with emotional and organizational difficulties such as lack of time and a heavy workload. Finally, patient-related obstacles may hinder screening.Conclusion: Our study shows the importance of initial and continuing training of interns, all specialties combined, on SVW. It is necessary to adapt this training to the data of Reunion Island and then to enrich and maintain it during the internship in order to improve their practices and to remove many obstacles that hinder, for the time being, the approach of screening for SVW in consultation. It is also essential to make them aware of the network of care for victims of SVW available on the island and to encourage exchanges with the various professionals involved in this network. This is to be able to offer efficient care to patients if the screening is positive.Introduction : Les violences sexuelles faites aux femmes représentent un problème de santé publique majeur à La Réunion. L’objectif principal de notre étude était d’identifier les principaux freins au dépistage, par les internes de la subdivision OI, des violences sexuelles faites aux femmes.Méthode : Il s’agissait d’une étude qualitative par entretiens individuels effectuée auprès d’internes de la subdivision OI issus des DES de GM, GO, MG et MU. Ils ont été retranscrits et analysés par double codage thématique. Résultats : Les entretiens ont été réalisés de novembre 2021 à janvier 2022. La saturation des données a été obtenue au bout de 11 entretiens et a été confirmée par un 12ème.Notre étude révèle que dépistage des VSF n’est pas une pratique aisée pour les participants. Il n’est pas systématique et est effectué uniquement en cas de signes d’appel. Le frein principal retrouvé est un défaut de formation des internes de la subdivision sur les VSF. De cette difficulté principale résulte de nombreuses autres telles que des connaissances imprécises des définitions des VSF et de leur épidémiologie sur l’île mais aussi un manque d’outils nécessaires au dépistage et une difficulté à articuler le réseau de prise en charge si des VSF sont retrouvées. Ils sont également confrontés à des difficultés émotionnelles et organisationnelles telles que le manque de temps et une charge de travail importante. Conclusion : Notre étude démontre l’importance de la formation initiale et continue des internes, tous DES confondus, sur les VSF. Il est nécessaire d’adapter cette formation aux données réunionnaises puis de l’enrichir et de l’entretenir au cours de l’internat afin d’améliorer leurs pratiques et lever de nombreux freins entravant, pour l’instant, l’abord du dépistage des VSF en consultation. Il est également fondamental de sensibiliser les internes sur le réseau de prise en charge des victimes de VSF disponible sur l’île et favoriser les échanges avec les différents professionnels engagés dans ce réseau. Ceci afin de pouvoir proposer une prise en charge efficiente aux patientes si le dépistage effectué s’avère positif
Interfacial adsorption of gastrointestinal lipases onto heterogenous biomimetic vegetal membranes
No full textInternational audienceLangmuir films and their analysis by tensiometry, ellipsometry and Langmuir-Blodgett transfer coupled to atomic force microscopy are suitable tools to study the interactions of various lipases with model membranes. The objective of our study was to characterize the adsorption and lipolysis behavior of different gastrointestinal enzymes onto biomimetic vegetal membranes. An heterogenous monolayer based on a mixture of unsaturated galactolipids (MGDG, DGDG), saturated phospholipids (DPPC), and phytosterols was used. Four enzymes were studied, i) gastric lipase (GL), which has no lipolytic activity on polar lipids but whose adsorption may modulate the subsequent adsorption and activity of other lipases, and three pancreatic enzymes: ii) pancreatic lipase 2 (PLRP2) presenting both galactolipase and phospholipase A1 activities, (iii) pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase and its cofactor, colipase (PTL/coPTL), and (iv) pancreatic secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IB). A strong surfactant property of GL and its preferential adsorption at both the expanded lipid phase and at the boundary phase were observed, in line with previous results obtained with biomimetic milk fat globule membrane. With PLRP2, changes in surface pressure indicated a lipolytic activity in addition to lipase adsorption, with a higher rate at surface pressure below 15 mN/m. A drastic decrease in film thickness was also observed by ellipsometry, suggesting the removal of some lipolysis products. Such variation was not observed upon PTL/coPTL adsorption, and may be related to the absence of activity of PTL on polar lipids. Finally, the evolution of adsorption kinetic after injection of sPLA2-IB did not indicate a clear trend of lipolysis on the lipid film. However, a change in the morphology of condensed domains was observed by AFM, suggesting a phase separation of lipids induced by binding of sPLA2-IB.This study is a step forward in the understanding of interaction of gastrointestinal lipases with plant lipid membranes, an overlooked aspect of lipid digestion
Construction identitaire professionnelle chez le lycéen mahorais présentant des troubles cognitifs par les outils numérique : une accessibilité possible ?
No full textInternational audienceIn an intercultural and contextual psychological perspective (Berry, 1994; Super and Harkness, 1986), we study the professional choices processes made by adolescents with disabilities in Mayotte. We examine the interactions between the spaces of culture (digital, professional, adolescent) and the development of vocational identity of the adolescent in the Mayotte culture. Four teenagers in professional high school are followed for two years during their professional internships and their initial training. The young people filmed themselves and produced a video montage of their training course. A set of qualitative data (filmed data showing the construction of professional gestures in class and during internships, free interviews with students and teachers, exchanges during school-family meetings) allows us to approach the construction of identity as a whole. The results indicate that the construction of identity involves the appropriation of professional training, and in particular the instrumental genesis of the digital tools used (Rabardel, 1995), a phase of decontextualization of the self and the accessibility of professional training for families. This paper then questions the possible acculturation of adolescents in their vocational training in Mayotte and the hybridization of training in vocational high schools.Cette recherche a pour ambition d’étudier, dans une perspective psychologique interculturelle et contextuelle (Berry, 1994; Super et Harkness, 1986), des processus à l’œuvre dans les choix professionnels d’adolescent.e.s mahorais en situation de handicap. Nous interrogeons les interactions entre les espaces de cultures (numérique, professionnelle, adolescente) et le développement identitaire vocationnel de l’adolescent dans la culture mahoraise. Quatre adolescents en lycée professionnel sont suivis pendant 2 ans lors des stages professionnels et en formation initiale. Les jeunes se filment et réalisent un montage vidéo de leur parcours de formation. Un ensemble de données qualitatives (données filmées montrant la construction des gestes professionnels en classe et en stage, entretiens libres avec élèves et enseignants, échanges lors des réunions école-famille) permet d'aborder la construction identitaire dans son ensemble. Les résultats montrent que la construction identitaire passe par l'appropriation de la formation professionnelle, et notamment la genèse instrumentale des outils numériques utilisés (Rabardel, 1995), une phase de décontextualisation de soi et une accessibilisation de la formation professionnelle pour les familles. Cette communication interroge alors l'acculturation possible des adolescents dans leur formation professionnelle à Mayotte et l'hybridation de la formation en lycée professionnel
« L’écrivain (post)colonial comme cartographe malgré lui ? » (Yves Clavaron, La Carte et le territoire colonial, Paris, Kimé, coll. « Détours littéraires », 2021, 978-2-84174-999-7, 326 p.) dans Acta fabula, volume 23, numéro 2, février 2022.
No full textHigh CO<SUB>2</SUB> content in magmas of the explosive andesitic Enco eruption of Mocho-Choshuenco volcano (Chile)
No full textInternational audienceMocho-Choshuenco volcano has produced several highly explosive eruptions during its history, which make it one of the most hazardous volcanoes in the southern volcanic zone of Chile, although it is still relatively little studied to date. We present a geochemical study of the products of the sub-Plinian, andesitic, Enco eruption that occurred about 1600 years ago. We determined the major and trace elements compositions, as well as the volatile (H2O, CO2, Cl, and S) contents of melt inclusions trapped in minerals (olivine, plagioclase, and pyroxene) using electron microprobe, ion microprobe (SIMS), and 3D confocal Raman mapping. Though the whole-rock composition of the Enco magma is andesitic (60.2 ± 1.1 wt.% SiO2), the melt inclusions have SiO2 contents ranging from 50.3 to 67.3 wt.%, following the magmatic series of Mocho-Choshuenco, and the compositions of the most mafic melt inclusions are close to those of the most mafic erupted magmas. Geochemical modeling indicates that mixing occurred between a mafic magma and an andesitic-to-dacitic magma. Glass analysis revealed typical parental arc magma values for H2O (2.6-3.8 wt.%), S (116-1936 ppm), and Cl (620-1439 ppm). However, CO2 contents are very high in some melt inclusions with concentrations above 4000 ppm (measured in the glass), suggesting trapping depths > ~ 17-22 km. Presence of solid carbonates inside inclusion-hosted bubbles clearly indicates that the CO2 contents measured in the glass phase were minimum values. We conclude that a CO2-rich basaltic magma ascended and mixed with a shallower andesitic magma. The magma cooled and exsolved high amounts of CO2, which may have dramatically increased the pressure and triggered the highly explosive Enco eruption
New recognition specificity in a plant immune receptor by molecular engineering of its integrated domain
No full textInternational audiencePlant nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domain proteins (NLRs) are immune sensors that recognize pathogen effectors. Here, we show that molecular engineering of the integrated decoy domain (ID) of an NLR can extend its recognition spectrum to a new effector. We relied for this on detailed knowledge on the recognition of the Magnaporthe oryzae effectors AVR-PikD, AVR-Pia, and AVR1-CO39 by, respectively, the rice NLRs Pikp-1 and RGA5. Both receptors detect their effectors through physical binding to their HMA (Heavy Metal-Associated) IDs. By introducing into RGA5_HMA the AVR-PikD binding residues of Pikp-1_HMA, we create a high-affinity binding surface for this effector. RGA5 variants carrying this engineered binding surface perceive the new ligand, AVR-PikD, and still recognize AVR-Pia and AVR1-CO39 in the model plant N. benthamiana . However, they do not confer extended disease resistance specificity against M. oryzae in transgenic rice plants. Altogether, our study provides a proof of concept for the design of new effector recognition specificities in NLRs through molecular engineering of IDs
Hybridization increases genetic diversity in Schistosoma haematobium populations infecting humans in Cameroon
No full textInternational audienceBackground: Hybrids between Schistosoma haematobium ( Sh ) and S. bovis ( Sb ) have been found in several African countries as well as in Europe. Since the consequences of this hybridization are still unknown, this study aims to verify the presence of such hybrids in Cameroonian humans, to describe the structure of S. haematobium populations on a large geographic scale, and to examine the impact of these hybrids on genetic diversity and structure of these populations.Methods From January to April 2019, urine from infected children was collected in ten geographically distinct populations. Miracidia were collected from eggs in this urine. To detect the presence of hybrids among these miracidia we genotyped both Cox1 (RD-PCR) and ITS2 gene (PCR-RFLP). Population genetic diversity and structure was assessed by genotyping each miracidium with a panel of 14 microsatellite markers. Gene diversity was measured using both heterozygosity and allelic richness indexes, and genetic structure was analyzed using paired Fst, PCA and Bayesian approaches.Results Of the 1327 miracidia studied, 88.7% were identified as pure genotypes of S. haematobium ( Sh_Sh/Sh ) while the remaining 11.3% were hybrids (7.0% with Sh_Sh/Sb, 3.7% with Sb_Sb/Sh and 0.4% with Sb_Sh/Sb ). No miracidium has been identified as a pure genotype of S. bovis. Allelic richness ranged from 5.55 (Loum population) to 7.73 (Matta-Barrage) and differed significantly between populations. Mean heterozygosity ranged from 53.7% (Loum) to 59% (Matta Barrage) with no significant difference. The overall genetic differentiation inferred either by a principal component analysis or by the Bayesian approach shows a partial structure. Southern populations (Loum and Matta Barrage) were clearly separated from other localities but genetic differentiation between northern localities was limited, certainly due to the geographic proximity between these sites.Conclusions Hybrids between S. haematobium and S. bovis were identified in 11.3% of miracidia that hatched from eggs present in the urine of Cameroonian schoolchildren. The percentages of these hybrids are correlated with the genetic diversity of the parasite, indicating that hybridization increases genetic diversity in our sampling sites. Hybridization is therefore a major biological process that shapes the genetic diversity of S. haematobium. Graphical Abstrac
High-performance CGM-based parallel algorithms for minimum cost parenthesizing problem
No full textInternational audienc
Understanding the Geodetic Signature of Large Aquifer Systems: Example of the Ozark Plateaus in Central United States
No full textInternational audienceThe continuous redistribution of water involved in the hydrologic cycle leads to deformation of the solid Earth. On a global scale, this deformation is well explained by the loading imposed by hydrological mass variations and can be quantified to first order with space-based gravimetric and geodetic measurements. At the regional scale, however, aquifer systems also undergo poroelastic deformation in response to groundwater fluctuations. Disentangling these related but distinct 3D deformation fields from geodetic time series is essential to accurately invert for changes in continental water mass, to understand the mechanical response of aquifers to internal pressure changes as well as to correct time series for these known effects. Here, we demonstrate a methodology to accomplish this task by considering the example of the well-instrumented Ozark Plateaus Aquifer System (OPAS) in the central United States. We begin by characterizing the most important sources of groundwater level variations in the spatially heterogeneous piezometer dataset using an Independent Component Analysis. Then, to estimate the associated poroelastic displacements, we project geodetic time series corrected for hydrological loading effects onto the dominant groundwater temporal functions. We interpret the extracted displacements in light of analytical solutions and a 2D model relating groundwater level variations to surface displacements. In particular, the relatively low estimates of elastic moduli inferred from the poroelastic displacements and groundwater fluctuations may be indicative of aquifer layers with a high fracture density. Our findings suggest that OPAS undergoes significant poroelastic deformation, including highly heterogeneous horizontal poroelastic displacements
L’école à l’heure de la COVID-19 : des constats de pratiques vers une nouvelle forme scolaire ?
No full textInternational audienceThis study highlights the adaptation of teaching practices and school organization to the challenges of COVID-19. Following the log-book written by a teacher of the primary degrees, focused on six dimensions, the qualitative analyses highlight: an adjustment and innovation of practices, professional values having a role in maintaining her professional identity; a shift towards innovative and inclusive instrumented practices. Continuity-discontinuity of practices is analyzed in this study.Cette recherche a pour objectif de mettre en valeur l’adaptation des pratiques enseignantes et de l’organisation scolaire à l’épreuve de la COVID-19. À la suite de la rédaction d’un cahier journal tenu par une enseignante de CM1-CM2, axé sur six dimensions, les analyses qualitatives mettent en exergue : un ajustement et une innovation des pratiques, des valeurs professionnelles ayant un rôle dans le maintien de son identité professionnelle ; un basculement vers des pratiques instrumentées innovantes inclusives. La question de la continuité-discontinuité des pratiques est au cœur de la réflexion