International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology (IJARIT)
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Comparative safety of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines to influenza vaccines: A pharmacovigilance analysis using WHO international database
No full textInternational audienceTwo messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines developed by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna are being rolled out. Despite the high volume of emerging evidence regarding adverse events (AEs) associated with the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, previous studies have thus far been largely based on the comparison between vaccinated and unvaccinated control, possibly highlighting the AE risks with COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. Comparing the safety profile of mRNA vaccinated individuals with otherwise vaccinated individuals would enable a more relevant assessment for the safety of mRNA vaccination. We designed a comparative safety study between 18 755 and 27 895 individuals who reported to VigiBase for adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with mRNA COVID-19 and influenza vaccines, respectively, from January 1, 2020, to January 17, 2021. We employed disproportionality analysis to rapidly detect relevant safety signals and compared comparative risks of a diverse span of AEFIs for the vaccines. The safety profile of novel mRNA vaccines was divergent from that of influenza vaccines. The overall pattern suggested that systematic reactions like chill, myalgia, fatigue were more noticeable with the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, while injection site reactogenicity events were more prevalent with the influenza vaccine. Compared to the influenza vaccine, mRNA COVID-19 vaccines demonstrated a significantly higher risk for a few manageable cardiovascular complications, such as hypertensive crisis (adjusted reporting odds ratio [ROR], 12.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.47–65.54), and supraventricular tachycardia (adjusted ROR, 7.94; 95% CI, 2.62–24.00), but lower risk of neurological complications such as syncope, neuralgia, loss of consciousness, Guillain-Barre syndrome, gait disturbance, visual impairment, and dyskinesia. This study has not identified significant safety concerns regarding mRNA vaccination in real-world settings. The overall safety profile patterned a lower risk of serious AEFI following mRNA vaccines compared to influenza vaccines
Isotopic evidence concerning the habitat of Nautilus macromphalus in New Caledonia
No full textInternational audienceModern nautilids ( Nautilus and Allonautilus ) have often been studied by paleontologists to better understand the anatomy and ecology of fossil relatives. Because direct observations of these animals are difficult, the analysis of light stable isotopes (C, O) preserved in their shells has been employed to reveal their habitat and life history. We aim to (1) reconstruct the habitat depth of Nautilus macromphalus and (2) decipher the fraction of metabolic carbon in its shell by analyzing oxygen and carbon isotopes (δ 18 O, δ 13 C) in the septa of two specimens in combination with analyses of water samples from the area. Additionally, we investigate whether morphological changes during ontogeny are reflected in the isotopic values of the shells. Results reveal that the patterns of change of δ 18 O and δ 13 C in the septa of N . macromphalus pre- and post-hatching are consistent with previous studies. Values of δ 18 O water range from 0.7 to 1.4‰ (VSMOW), with a maximum value coincident with a salinity maximum at ~150 m. We use the temperature and δ 18 O water profiles to calculate equilibrium values of δ 18 O aragonite with depth. Comparing these values with the measured δ 18 O of the septa shows that the habitat depth of N . macromphalus is ~140 m pre-hatching and ~370 m post-hatching. Using δ 13 C of shell carbonate and published data on metabolic carbon, the fraction of metabolic carbon is reconstructed as ~21% and 14% pre- and post-hatching, respectively. The reconstructed depth pre-hatching is slightly shallower than in N . pompilius from the Philippines and Fiji, but the post-hatching depth is similar. However, it is important to emphasize that these estimates represent average over time and space because nautilus is a mobile animal. Lastly, the changes in morphological parameters and the changes in δ 13 C and δ 18 O during ontogeny do not coincide except at hatching and at the onset of maturity
Évaluer pour former : quel rôle pour les grilles d’évaluation ? L’exemple de la formation au commentaire littéraire en classe de Seconde par le biais des écrits d’invention
No full textDuring my year as an alternating student at the Lycée Evariste de Parny which allowed me to teach French in the Second grade, I rapidly understood that the discipline of French at the entrance to the high school is oriented towards the perspective of the Anticipated Tests of French. In this sense, students are led from the Second to discover the exercise of literary commentary. While knowing that the students of Second, formerly middle school students, are rather comfortable with the exercise of the writing of invention that they were able to practice many times in their schooling in French; the challenge of this thesis was then to answer the following problem: does the use of evaluation grids based on the skills of the exercise of text commentary in the context of writings of invention will allow later students to enter effectively into the expectations of the commentary exercise?This study was carried out from the analysis of the students' progressions by the use of evaluation grids, from the production of two writings of inventions to the realization of an exercise of literary commentary.Durant mon année d’étudiant alternant au lycée Evariste de Parny qui m’a permis d’enseigner le Français en classe de Seconde, j’ai vite compris que la discipline du Français à l’entrée au lycée est orientée vers la perspective des Épreuves anticipées de Français. En ce sens, les élèves sont notamment amenés dès la Seconde à découvrir l’exercice du commentaire littéraire. Tout en sachant que les élèves de Seconde, anciennement collégiens, sont plutôt à l’aise avec l’exercice de l’écrit d’invention qu’ils ont pu pratiquer de nombreuses fois dans leur scolarité en Français ; l’enjeu de ce mémoire a alors été de se demander si le recours à des grilles d’évaluation axées sur les compétences de l’exercice du commentaire de texte dans le cadre d’écrits d’invention permet plus tard aux élèves d’entrer efficacement dans les attentes de l’exercice du commentaire de texte.Cette étude a été réalisée à partir de l’analyse des progressions des élèves par l’utilisation de grilles d’évaluations, depuis la production de deux écrits d’inventions vers la réalisation d’un exercice de commentaire littéraire
Vers la systématisation du brouillon en classe de 4e « Vingt fois sur le métier remettez votre écrit »
No full textEl borrador es una herramienta que los alumnos desprecian. La crítica genética se ha fijado como objetivo la valorización de los anteproyectos: una obra maestra está precedida por múltiples escritos intermedios. Sin embargo, los estudiantes piensan que es necesario producirun escrito de calidad desde el primer borrador. Las etapas de los procesos de redacción se descuidan, lo que da lugar a escritos mediocres. Un cuestionamiento de investigación se impuso así : ¿la sistematización del borrador permitiría una mejora de la práctica scriptural de los alumnos? La puesta en marcha de talleres de escritura fue la ocasión de un trabajo específico sobre el borrador. A lo largo de lassesiones, los alumnos entendieron el borrador reconociendoque permitía organizar sus ideas y mejorar su texto. Los resultados son muy alentadores. Sin embargo ciertos alumnos llegan difícilmente a tener una mirada distante sobre lo que han producido: del papel de guionista, deben pasar al de lector-corrector. Por lo tanto, este escrito no pretende presentar métodos prescriptivos, sino más bien proponer pistas de reflexión.Le brouillon est un outil souvent déprécié par les élèves. La critique génétique s’est donnée comme objectif la valorisation des avant-textes : un chef-d’œuvre est précédé de multiples écrits intermédiaires. Cependant, les élèves pensent qu’il faut produire un écrit de qualité dès le premier jet. Les étapes des processus rédactionnels sont ainsi négligées, engendrant des écrits médiocres. Un questionnement de recherche s’est ainsi imposé : la systématisation du brouillon allait-elle permettre une amélioration de la pratique scripturale des élèves ? La mise en place d’ateliers d’écriture a été l’occasion d’un travail spécifique sur le brouillon. Au fil des séances, les élèves ont appréhendé le brouillon, en ayant pris conscience qu’il permettait d’organiser ses idées et d’améliorer son texte. Les résultats sont fort encourageants. Même si certains élèves parviennent difficilement à avoir un regard distancié sur ce qu’ils ont produit : du rôle de scripteur, ils doivent passer à celui de lecteur-correcteur. Ce mémoire n’a pas la prétention de présenter des méthodes prescriptives, mais plutôt de proposer des pistes de réflexio
Comparaison d'ensembles d'arbres à l'aide de descripteurs vectoriels basés sur les modèles de Markov cachés
No full textInternational audienceTrees are among the most studied data structures and several techniques have consequently been developed for comparing two trees belonging to the same category. Until the end of year 2020, there was a serious lack of suitable metrics for comparing two weighted trees or two trees from different categories. The problem of comparing two tree sets was not also specifically addressed. These limitations have been overcome in a paper published in 2021 where a customizable metric based on hidden Markov models has been proposed for comparing two tree sets, each containing a mixture of trees belonging to various categories. Unfortunately, that metric does not allow the use of non metric-dependent classifiers which take descriptor vectors as inputs. This paper addresses this drawback by deriving a descriptor vector for each tree set using meta-information related to its corresponding models. The comparison between two tree sets is then realized by comparing their associated descriptor vectors. Classification experiments carried out on the databases FirstLast-L (FL), FirstLast-LW (FLW) and Stanford Sentiment Treebank (SSTB) respectively showed best accuracies of 99.75%, 99.75% and 87.22%. These performances are respectively 40.75% and 20.52% better than the tree Edit distance respectively for FLW and SSTB. Additional clustering experiments exhibited 54.25%, 98.75% and 75.53% of correctly clustered instances for FL, FLW and SSTB. No clustering was performed in existing work
Risk communication during seismo-volcanic crises: the example of Mayotte, France
No full textInternational audiencePopulation information is a fundamental issue for effective disaster risk reduction. As demonstrated by numerous past and present crises, implementing an effective communication strategy is, however, not a trivial matter. This paper draws lessons from the seismo-volcanic "crisis" that began in the French overseas department of Mayotte in May 2018 and is still ongoing today. Mayotte's case study is interesting for several reasons: (i) although the seismo-volcanic phenomenon itself is associated with moderate impacts, it triggered a social crisis that risk managers themselves qualified as "a communication crisis", (ii) risks are perceived mostly indirectly by the population, which poses specific challenges, in particular to scientists who are placed at the heart of the risk communication process, and (iii) no emergency planning or monitoring had ever been done in the department of Mayotte with respect to volcanic issues before May 2018, which means that the framing of monitoring and risk management, as well as the strategies adopted to share information with the public, has evolved significantly over time. Our first contribution here is to document the gradual organization of the official response. Our second contribution is an attempt to understand what may have led to the reported "communication crisis". To that end, we collect and analyze the written information delivered by the main actors of monitoring and risk management to the public over the last 3 years. Finally, we compare its volume, timing, and content with what is known of at-risk populations' information needs. Our results outline the importance of ensuring that communication is not overly technical, that it aims to inform rather than reassure, that it focuses on risk and not only on hazard, and that it provides clues to possible risk scenarios. We issue recommendations for improvement of public information about risks, in the future, in Mayotte but also elsewhere in contexts where comparable geo-crises may happen
Imprint of the Continental Strike-Slip Fault Geometrical Structure in Geophysical Data
No full textInternational audienceThe geometry of continental fault systems, and more specifically the spatial organization of faults, is a central topic to understand how earthquake ruptures start, propagate, and stop. By exploring the origin of unexpected high frequency emission during earthquakes, Chu et al. (2021), (https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095271) show that the most likely source for these emissions is the interaction between nearby misaligned faults. Thus, this result emphasizes the discrete nature of the strike-slip fault segments at seismogenic crustal scale, adding to a set of evidence for spatially structured fault systems drawn from independent observations in geophysics and geology. This observation should bring some new constrains to earthquake rupture scenario by limiting the range of possible ruptures included in these models
DETERMINATION OF HSW COMPOSITION AND QUANTIFICATION IN SIDS: STUDY CASE OF MORONI AND FOUMBOUNI CITIES IN COMOROS ISLAND
No full textInternational audienceThe spatio-temporal study revealed that the household solid waste generated in Moroni and Foumbouni are of the same nature, but may vary from one region to another. However, 2019 represents the reference year since the study took place before the arrival of COVID19. The monthly salary, the number of adults, and the number of employees are positively correlated with the production of HSW. With a production of more than 50% of bio-waste and about 40% of fuel, two ways of energy recovery are the most suitable in Comoros: methanation and gasification. However, to choose the best valorization technique, other studies deserve to be carried out
Cible d'inflation et inefficacité des politiques de lutte contre le chômage dans les pays de la CEMAC
No full textInternational audienceThe question of employment, mainly of young people in the world, is worrying: 74 million young people are today unemployed, an increase of 3.5 million since 2007. In 2014, the youth unemployment rate has already exceeded 12 % in developing countries. In addition, over the next five years, 200 million people are expected to enter the labor market in developing countries. During the period 1972-1990, monetary policy was characterized by the setting of a final objective, centered on research and the promotion of economic development in the BEAC emission zone. But since the reforms and financial liberalization of the 90s, the BEAC has used indirect instruments to regulate liquidity in the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC), in order to maintain an inflation level of 3% for all member countries. The purpose of this study is to assess the relevance of the inflation target in the countries of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC), by estimating the sacrifice ratio over the period 1994- 2019. Using a model based on the Phillips curve, we carry out an econometric study based on the time series estimated by the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). Our study shows that the 3% inflation target renders CEMAC member countries' unemployment policies ineffective. To remedy this, it would be wise for the monetary authority to adopt the multilateral surveillance measures to each country of the community or to adjust the community standard by 3%La question de l’emploi, principalement des jeunes dans le monde, est inquiétante : 74 millions de jeunes sont aujourd’hui sans emploi, soit une hausse de 3,5 millions depuis 2007. En 2014, le taux de chômage des jeunes dépassait déjà 12% dans les pays en développement. En outre, au cours des cinq prochaines années, 200 millions de personnes devraient arriver sur le marché du travail dans les pays en développement. Durantla période 1972-1990, la politique monétaire était caractérisée par la fixation d'un objectif final, axé sur la recherche et la promotion du développement économique dans la zone d'émission BEAC. Mais depuis les réformes et la libéralisation financière des années 90, la BEAC utilise des instruments indirects pour réguler la liquidité dans la Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale (CEMAC), afin demaintenir un niveau d’inflation de 3% pour tous les pays membres. L’o bjet de cette étude est d’évaluer la pertinence de l’objectif d’inflation dans les pays de la Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’AfriqueCentrale (CEMAC), par l’estimation du ratio de sacrifice sur la période 1994-2019. A l’aide d’un modèle basé sur la courbe de Phillips, nous procédons à une étude économétrique basée sur les séries chronologiques estimées par la Méthode des Moments Généralisés (GMM). Notre étude montre que la cible d’inflation de 3% rend inefficace les politiques de lutte contre le chômage des pays membres de la CEMAC. Pour y remédier, il serait judicieux pour l’autorité monétaire d’adapter les mesures de surveillance multilatérale à chaque pays de la communauté ou alors d’ajuster la norme communautaire de 3%
Molecular characterization of Cordyline virus 1 isolates infecting yam (Dioscorea spp)
No full textThe nucleotide sequences reported in this work have been deposited in the GenBank database under accession numbers MZ648045 to MZ648087 and OM471839.International audienceCordyline virus 1 (CoV1) is a velarivirus that has so far only been reported in ornamental Ti plants (Cordyline fruticosa). Using high-throughput sequencing, we identified CoV1 infection in yam accessions from Vanuatu. Using a specific RT-PCR assay, we found that CoV1 is also present and highly prevalent in Dioscorea alata, D. cayenensis, and D. trifida in Guadeloupe. Phylogenetic analysis showed that CoV1 isolates infecting yam in Guadeloupe display a low level of molecular diversity. These data provide insights into the transmission of CoV1 in yam in Guadeloupe