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Pharmacological effects of monoterpene carveol on the neuromuscular system of nematodes and mammals
Get PDFThe control of parasitic nematode infections relies mostly on anthelmintics. The potential pharmacotherapeutic application of phytochemicals, in order to overcome parasite resistance and enhance the effect of existing drugs, is becoming increasingly important. The antinematodal effects of carveol was tested on the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the neuromuscular preparation of the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum. Carveol caused spastic and geraniol atonic paralysis in C. elegans. In A. suum carveol potentiated contractions induced by acetylcholine (ACh) and this effect was confirmed with two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology on the A. suum nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes. However, potentiating effect of carveol on ACh-induced contractions was partially sensitive to atropine, indicates a dominant nicotine effect but also the involvement of some muscarinic structures. The effects of carveol on the neuromuscular system of mammals are also specific. In micromolar concentrations, carveol acts as a non-competitive ACh antagonist on ileum contractions. Unlike atropine, it does not change the EC50 of ACh but reduces the amplitude of contractions. Carveol caused an increase in Electrical Field Stimulation-evoked contractions of the isolated rat diaphragm, but at higher concentrations it caused an inhibition. Also, carveol neutralized the mecamylamine-induced tetanic fade, indicating a possibly different pre-and post-synaptic action at the neuromuscular junction
Effect of parasitism on animal behaviour
No full textСкоро сваки облик понашања животиња повезан је са излагањем неким врстама паразита. Исхрана и тражење хране је главни пут инфекције за трофички преносиве бактерије и хелминте; социјални облик понашања погодује ширењу разних инфективних агенаса који се преносе контактом; репродуктивни облик понашања је кључан у преношењу полно преносивих бактерија, вируса и протозоа; док је истраживачки облик понашања повезан са преносом разних екто- и ендопаразита. Понашање такође има централну улогу у борби против паразита и представља прву линију одбране од инфекција различите етиологије. Различите стратегије понашања се мењају током инфекције/инфестације домаћина паразитима, из бројних разлога. Паразити поседују широк спектар начина на који могу да манипулишу понашањем домаћина како би побољшали своју кондицију, или да промене понашање животиња у сопствену корист. Наведени процеси могу да буду резултат имунолошких реакција или патолошких промена насталих током инфекције паразитима.. Неке од ових метода деловања имају за циљ повећање степена и могућности преношења од прелазног до правог домаћина, повећањем или смањењем активности, што доводи до повећане рањивости прелазног домаћина од стране предатора, потискивање одговора домаћина на страх или његове способности да препозна предатора (миш и мачка). Друге методе имају за циљ да смање репродуктивну способност домаћина (паразитска кастрација), омогућавајући паразиту да искористи велике количине хранљивих материја домаћина. Са друге стране, током еволуције, домаћини су се супростављали развијањем отпорности на паразитске инфекције и/или развојем толеранције на њихово штетно дејство. Ови одбрамбени механизми укључују смањење могућности за инфекцију паразитима променом станишта или хране, препознавање и избегавање инфицираних појединаца као потенцијалног плена или сексуалног партнера. Ако се инфекција не може спречити, паразити могу бити уклоњени стратегијама хигијенског облика понашања као што су чешање или ваљање у прашини и блату. Промене у понашању (летаргија, недостатак апетита, чешање, општа малаксалост) су углавном неки од најчешћих разлога због којих власник доводи животињу код ветеринара, а ови клинички знаци могу указивати на инфекцију паразитима.Almost every aspect of an animal’s behaviour is associated with exposure to some type of parasite. Foraging is a major route of infection for environmental and trophically transmitted bacteria and helminths; and social behaviour contributes to the dissemination of various contact-transmitted infectious agents; mating behaviour is critical in the transmission of sexually transpolnomitted bacteria, protozoa, and viruses; explorative behaviour is associated with transmission of various ecto- and endoparasites. Behavior also plays a central role in how hosts defend themselves against parasites and it is the first line of defense against infection. Different behavioral strategies change during hosts infection/infestation with parasites for a number of reasons. Parasites have a wide range of ways to manipulate host behavior to improve their own fitness, or to change animal behavior to their own advantage. The above-mentioned processes can be the result of immune reactions or pathological changes occurring during parasite infection. Some of these methods aim to increase the rate of transmission from intermediate to definitive host by increasing or reducing activity that results in increased vulnerability of the intermediate host to predation, suppressing a host’s fear response, or its ability to recognize a predator (the mouse and the cat). Others aim to downregulate the reproductive fitness of a host (parasitic castration), allowing the parasite to maximize nutrient-taking from the host.
On the other hand, during evolution hosts have counteracted by evolving resistance to parasite infections and/or developing a tolerance against their harmful effects. These defense mechanisms include reducing the chances of getting infected via a change in habitat or food preference; and recognizing and avoiding infected individuals, both as potential prey species and sexual partners. If an infection could not be prevented, the parasites can be attacked or removed by the host’s hygienic behavior, such as scratching, dust and water bathing. Behavioral changes (lethargy, inappetance, scratching, general malaise) are generally some of the most common reasons why an owner brings an animal to a veterinary practitioner, and these clinical signs can be indicative of a parasite infection.Zbornik kratkih sadržaj
Nerast: zdravstvena zaštita, reprodukcija, ishrana
No full textDržanje i eksploatacija nerastova na komercijalnim farmama imaju za cilj proizvodnju
doza sperme za sopstvenu upotrebu. Životni vek nerastova a samim tim i dužina njihove
eksploatacije u velikoj meri zavise od njihovog zdravstvenog stanja. Zbog toga kontrola
zdravstvenog stanja nerastova, kontrola kvaliteta sperme za veštačko osemenjavanje kroz
nadzor nad celokupnim procesom od uzimanja sperme do kvaliteta osemenjivačke doze,
optimizacija ambijentalnih i sveobuhvatnih uslova držanja (smeštaj, mikroklimat, ishrana,
napajanje, odnos zaposlenih), predstavljaju važne parametre sa aspekta zdravstvene kontrole
samih nerastova, zdravstvene kontrole čitavog zapata ali i ekonomskih parametara
produktivnosti farme kao i rentabilnosti čitave proizvodnje. Jedan od često prisutnih
zdravstvenih probelma predstavljaju oboljenja lokomotornog sistema nerastova koji na
farmama komercijalnog tipa imaju najveće učešće kada su u pitanju uzroci isključenja
nerastova iz procesa proizvodnje. Problemi se često javljaju već posle prvog skoka, kao
posledica slabe okoštalosti hrsakvice butne kosti (raskrečenost zadnjih nogu). Kod mladih zdravih nerastova šepanje nastaje kao rezltat oštećenja jastučića papaka i prskanja rožine
infekcije. Kao posledica smeštaja na betonskoj podlozi javljaju se poremećaji u stavovima
nogu, krivljenje distalnih delova ekstremiteta i posledična šepavost, odbijanje skoka i
isključenje takvih nerastova na samom početku eksploatacije. U toku eksploatacije nerasta
treba omoguciti da ishrana obezbedjuje njegov razvoj i normalnu priplodnu kondiciju.
Priplodna kondicija se obezbedjuje precizno normiranom i kontroloisanom ishranom.Zbornik radov
Patološke promene na koži svinja: klinički značaj i dijagnostički aspekti
No full textPatološke lezije na koži mogu biti posledica primarnog oboljenja kože ili klinička
manifestacija sistemske bolesti. Tako na primer, postoje primarne bolesti kože, kod kojih
uglavnom nema patoloških promena na unutrašnjim organima. U takve bolesti ubrajamo:
nekrozu ušne školjke kod svinja, pitiriasis rosea, boginje svinja i dr. Primarne bolesti kože
mogu biti bakterijske, virusne, gljivične, parazitske etiologije, genetske ili idiopatske. Postoje
sistemske bolesti koje zahvataju jedan ili više organskih sistema, a koje se mogu manifestovati
promenama na koži u koje ubrajamo klasičnu kugu svinja, crveni vetar, dermatitis nefropatija
sindrom svinja (PDNS) i dr. U ovom radu dat je pregled različitih oboljenja koja se manifestuju
patološkim promenama na koži i ukazano je na mogućnosti diferencijalne dijagnostike.Zbornik radov
Antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas spp. isolates from milk
No full textThe genus
Pseudomon as is one of the most diverse bacterial
genera, containing ubiquitous and metabolically versatile bacteria.
Considering its complexity, the antimicrobial resistance problem must
be discussed multidisciplinar y. In accordance with the "One H ealth"
approach it is not wise to separate the antimicrobial resistance of
Pseudomonas spp. from its biology and milk hygiene/technological
problems which it can cause. Pseudomonas members are
psychotrophic Gram negative rods, adapted to various conditions
and therefore are found in a wide range of niche s, such as soil, water,
plants, animal tissues, foods, et c., t hanks to their complex enzymatic
systems. Due to their simple nutritional requirements and rapid
growth, they have the ability to survive under a variety of environmental conditions
and are frequently implicated in the
degradation and spoilage of a wide range of foods. Pseudomonas spp.
produce extracellular proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes during their
growth in raw milk and these enzymes remain a ctive after
pasteurisation, reducing the quality of stored pasteurised milk, even
though the bacteria have been destroyed. The presence of
Pseudomonas spp. in refrigerated raw milk is most likely due to
contamination during and/or after milking, with the m ilking
equipment usually being responsible for the greatest contamination,
since they are not considered to be a major component of the
microbiota of the bovine udder. Ps eudomonas spp. occasionally cause
mastitis in dairy cattle . Infections may be epidemic, sporadic, or
endemic within a herd. E pidemics of Pseudomonas mastitis have been
associated with contaminated wash hoses and water supplies. Water
tanks, hoses, and pipeline connectors should be suspected as
har bourin g Pseudomonas spp. whenever cases of this type of mastitis
are diagnosed. Reports of contaminated vials, cannulas, or syringes
used for the administ ration of antibiotics being the sources of
Pseudomonas spp., whose multiplication was possible in the presence
of antibiotics or sublethal concentrations of sanitizers, can be found in
the literature. Previously reported results showed that this microorgan
ism occurred in raw bulk milk tanks . Hygiene criteria for
primary food production, set in the European Regulation, as well as
in that of the Republic of Serbia, do not include detection of
Pseudomonas spp. Their ability to form biofilm facilitates the
development of resistant strains phenotypically expressing glycocalyx
or slime. Further investigations should focus on examining biofilm
forming ability in Pseudomonas isolates from solid surfaces in dair y
production. In conclusion, Pseudomonas spp. might contaminate raw
food of animal origin, consequently leading to spoilage and may be
considered as a reservoir of Pseudomonas spp. resistome. Compared to
Pseudomonas studies in human medicine, where antimic robial
resistance is often a causative agent of nosocomial infections, food
isolates do not appear to create resistance to large numbers of
antimicrobials.Book of abstracts and conference proceeding
Quality assessment of milk and diary products in the Republic of Serbia
No full textZbornik radova i kratkih sadržaj
The significance of mobile slaughterhouses for the development of sheep farming in Serbia
No full textZbornik radova i kratkih sadržaj
Assessment of potential anti-methanogenic and antimicrobial activity of ethyl nitroacetate, α-lipoic acid, taurine and L-cysteinesulfinic acid In vitro
Get PDFLivestock producers need new technologies to maintain the optimal health and wellbeing of their animals while minimizing the risks of propagating and disseminating pathogenic and
antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to humans or other animals. Where possible, these interventions
should contribute to the efficiency and profitability of animal production to avoid passing costs on
to consumers. In this study, we examined the potential of nitroethane, 3-nitro-1-propionate, ethyl
nitroacetate, taurine and L-cysteinesulfinic acid to modulate rumen methane production, a digestive
inefficiency that results in the loss of up to 12% of the host’s dietary energy intake and a major
contributor of methane as a greenhouse gas to the atmosphere. The potential for these compounds
to inhibit the foodborne pathogens, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium DT104,
was also tested. The results from the present study revealed that anaerobically grown O157:H7 and
DT104 treated with the methanogenic inhibitor, ethyl nitroacetate, at concentrations of 3 and 9 mM
had decreased (p < 0.05) mean specific growth rates of O157:H7 (by 22 to 36%) and of DT104 (by 16 to
26%) when compared to controls (0.823 and 0.886 h−1
, respectively). The growth rates of O157:H7 and
DT104 were decreased (p < 0.05) from controls by 31 to 73% and by 41 to 78% by α-lipoic acid, which
we also found to inhibit in vitro rumen methanogenesis up to 66% (p < 0.05). Ethyl nitroacetate was
mainly bacteriostatic, whereas 9 mM α-lipoic acid decreased (p < 0.05) maximal optical densities
(measured at 600 nm) of O157:H7 and DT104 by 25 and 42% compared to controls (0.448 and 0.451,
respectively). In the present study, the other oxidized nitro and organosulfur compounds were neither
antimicrobial nor anti-methanogenic
Uticaj anatomskih karakteristika ptica na primenu lekova
No full textPtice zauzimaju centralnu ulogu u funkcionisanju ekosistema, u raznošenju semena, oprašivanju, kontroli brojnosti insekata i drugih štetočina. Čovek je davno ptice pripitomio zbog ekonomske eksploatacije, ali danas se sve više ptice drže kao kućni ljubimci, te su sad važne zbog njihove sentimentalne vrednosti za ljude. Doktori veterinarske medicine su do sada lečili pre svega živinu, te se sada nameće potreba za dodatnim znanjem i razumevanjem anatomije, fiziologije, interne medicine, farmakologije, kao i preventivne medicine ptica. Za razliku od prethodnog tretmana kod živine, koji je najčešće grupni, ptice se kao kućni ljubimci tretiraju najčešće pojedinačno, što zahteva od doktora veterinarske medicine da budu zaista kompetentni praktičari.
Ptičiji digestivni trakt je anatomski sastavljen od kljuna, bukalne šupljine, vratnog dela jednjaka, voljke, grudnog dela jednjaka, želuca, duodenuma, jejunuma, iliuma, 2 slepa creva, rektuma i kloake, kao i pomoćnih žlezda, kao što su jetra i pankreas. Hrana se u početku skladišti u voljci, organu za skladištenje hrane, zatim se dalje razlaže i mehanički usitnjava u želucu, koji se sastoji od proventrikulusu i bubca. Specifičnost respiratornog sistema je u tome što se sastoji od pluća, gde se vrši razmena gasova, i 9 vazdušnih kesa. Upravo navedene anatomske karakeristike i te kako utiču na primenu i efikasnost lekova.
Usled manjka podataka za primenu pojedinih lekova kod određenih vrste ptica, često se radila ekstrapolacija sa jedne vrste ptice na drugu ili pak sa drugih životinjskih vrsta (sisari) na ptice. Međutim, varijacije u anatomiji i fiziologiji između jedinki čak i bliskih vrsta ptica, takođe mogu (kao i kod sisara) biti velike, pa se svaka vrsta ptica mora tretirati kao zasebna.Zbornik radova i kratkih sadržaj
Seroprevalence of swine influenza A virus infections in Macedonian commercial pig farms
No full textSwine influenza, caused by the swine influenza A virus (swIAV), is a significant pathogen that affects
pig population worldwide, leading to respiratory illness and economic losses in the swine industry.
Understanding its epidemiology, genetic diversity, and mechanisms of transmission is crucial for
effective surveillance, prevention, and control strategies. The goal of our study was to assess the
seroprevalence of swIAV in commercial pig farms in Macedonia. Thirteen Macedonian commercial
pig farms were included in the study. Twelve of the farms were farrow-to-finish herds, while one was
a farrow-to-wean pig commercial farm. The average number of sows in the herds was 370.2 (30 to
2010). A 258 sera samples were collected from piglets aged one to four weeks from sows with various
parity (1 to 14). All sera were analyzed for the presence of anti-IAV antibodies by using ELISA test.
Descriptive statistics were applied to data obtained from all pig farms. Age group of sows was included
as a predictor and the differences in seroprevalence between piglets from different sow parities were
also examined. All farms included in the study were seropositive to swIAV which could be explained
by wild strain virus circulating in examined pig herds since vaccination against swIAV is not applied
in the country. Of the total 258 tested animals, 194 were seropositive, giving the average seroprevalence
at herd level of 75% (ranging from 10% to 100%) with statistically significant difference (p<0.001)
observed between farms. Additionally, significant difference (p<0.05) in the seroprevalence was
observed between piglets originated from sows of different parity groups with highest seroprevalence
found for piglets of sows with parity 5 and 6 (90%, 45/50), while the lowest was obtained for piglets
from sows with parity 3 and 4 (67, 2%, 43/64). Piglets of sows with higher parity (>5) had higher
seroprevalence in contrast to the piglets from the younger sows suggesting that swIAV is present for
certain period in most of the tested farms. In conclusion, high seroprevalence of swIAV irrespective of
the clinical signs found in our study indicate that swIAV endemically circulates in Macedonian
commercial pig farms. However, further studies regarding molecular epidemiology of swIAV are
needed for better understanding genetic diversity and implementation of control and preventive
measures in Macedonian pig farms.Book of abstract