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Guía práctica sobre la modelización hidrológica y el modelo HEC-HMS
No full textEl número 4 de la serie de Cuadernos de Geomática es en realidad una guía práctica. Ante la necesidad que en ocasiones tenemos de conocer la dinámica de la escorrentía en cuencas de drenaje, sobre todo en su forma de caudal, se han ido desarrollando una serie de enfoques, cada vez más sofisticados, de análisis basados en el uso de modelos hidrológicos.
Sin embargo, en el proceso histórico de su desarrollo, los modelos se han ido haciendo cada vez más complejos, de manera que hoy en día no sólo es necesario tener un cierto conocimiento del significado y alcance de uso que pueden tener los modelos hidrológicos de manera general e independientemente de su tipo y características, sino que también son instrumentos relativamente complejos que requieren un cierto conocimiento y aprendizaje como herramientas que pueden ayudarnos a resolver algunas cuestiones relacionadas con la gestión hídrica de las cuencas y experimentar ante situaciones de previsión y planteamiento de escenarios posibles, aunque no necesariamente reales.
La presente guía pretende cubrir ambas necesidades. Se ha dividido en dos secciones. En la primera se abordan los principales conceptos relacionados con la modelización hidrológica superficial. En ella se tiene en cuenta las características, tipologías, definiciones y estructuras de los modelos, distinguiéndose entre modelos de flujo (los que tratan únicamente el caudal) y de transporte (los que además del caudal analizan algún tipo de material arrastrado y/o contenido en el agua). En esta primera parte también se describen de manera sucinta algunos de los modelos más conocidos sean de flujo (MIKESHE, HEC-HMS, TETIS) como de transporte (SWAP, AnnAGNPS, WEPP).
La segunda parte se dedica, única y exclusivamente, al uso del programa HEC-HMS (HydrologicEngineering Center), desarrollado en el US Army Corp of Engineers. Diseñado a modo de tutorial de autoaprendizaje, se detallan profusamente todos los pasos que se deben seguir desde la configuración del modelo hasta la consecución final de resultados, pasando por todo el tratamiento que se debe dar a lo s datos iniciales para que pueden ser representados adecuadamente por la aplicación. Para aquellos que quieran seguir el procedimiento de modelización planteado en esta segunda parte, se ha incluido también la información digital de partida requerida por el modelo HEC-HMS
The AQUACROSS Innovative Concept. Deliverable 3.1. European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Grant Agreement No. 642317.
No full textPerspectivas de futuro: los mercados de agua en el conjunto de la política hidráulica española
No full textThe AQUACROSS Innovative Concept. Deliverable 3.1. European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Grant Agreement No. 642317.
No full textHerramienta para el análisis y previsión de la demanda y precios de los servicios del agua para usos urbanos (WaTaPro). REGISTRO TERRITORIAL DE LA PROPIEDAD INTELECTUAL. COMUNIDAD DE MADRID.
No full textReview of the occurrence of emerging organic contaminants and pesticides in Italian surface water and groundwater
No full textThis work provides the first review of the occurrence of 161 emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) and 137 pesticides, in surface and groundwater of Italy. The reported EOCs belong to the group of industrials, pharmaceuticals, estrogens and illicit drugs. The reviewed research works have been published between 1997 and 2013. Results show that the more frequently studied EOCs are pesticide (16), pharmaceuticals (15), industrials (13), estrogens (7) and illicit drugs (2). Among the reported contaminants, those occurring with the highest concentrations in both surface and groundwater are pesticides (up to 106 ng L-1) and industrials (up to 105 ng L-1). Reported maximum concentrations of pharmaceuticals in surface water are about 103 ng L-1. Whereas in the groundwater, this class of contaminants were rarely detected suggesting different contaminant sources and pathways and different degradation rates in comparison to pesticides and industrials. Both estrogens and illicit drugs appeared in surface water with concentrations lower than 50 ng L-1. Groundwater concentrations for estrogens were measured to be below the detection limits, whereas illicit drugs have so far not been studied in groundwater. Apart from the national reconnaissance study carried out by the ISPRA Institute in 2013, groundwater of several regions from Southern Italy has not been collected for EOC determination. Excluding pesticides, the same applies for surface water. The present review reveals the serious contamination status of Italian surface and groundwater especially by pesticides, industrials and to a lower extent by pharmaceuticals. Moreover, this study highlights the necessity to foster the research on EOC occurrence in Italian water resources, in particular in Southern Italian areas where a very limited number of investigations exist
Assessment of Causal Flows between Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functions and Ecosystem Services in Aquatic Environments: Deliverable 5.1 Executive Summary. European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation grant agreement No. 642317
No full textFuncionamiento hidrogeológico del área de los barrancos de Moya y Azuaje, norte de Gran Canaria
No full textLa hidrogeología de Gran Canaria está caracterizada por la existencia de un acuífero único insular, con una superficie piezométrica en forma de domo con flujo radial de centro hacia la costa. A menor escala se encuentran acuíferos diferentes pero interrelacionados. Esta tesis se centra en la caracterización del sistema acuífero de las Cuencas de los Barrancos de Moya y Azuaje, situadas al norte de Gran Canaria, identificada como la de mayor recarga de la isla en sus zonas de cumbre y medianías y en la que el agua subterránea fluye hacia costa, siguiendo el modelo insular...
Gran Canaria Island has an almost round morphology with a conical shape, dissected by deep gullies. The hydrogeology of the island is characterized by an island water table, dome-shaped, with radial flow from the central high altitude areas towards the coast and with some intermediate outflows. On a smaller scale, there different aquifers can be singled out, but interrelated. This thesis focuses on the characterization of the aquifer system of the Moya and Azuaje gullies basins, located at the north of Gran Canaria. The area has been identified as the main recharge zone in the island in its higher and mid elevation parts. Groundwater flows to the coast, with some outflows under natural conditions in the bottom of the gullies, following the insular model pattern. A complex multilayer, heterogeneous and anisotropic aquifer system has been identified. It is composed by a piling of volcanic formations with ages from the Miocene to the Holocene, with different hydraulic parameters. The resolution of deep geology has allowed the identification of the Miocene phonolitic Fm. as the hydrogeological bottom in the area. Rainfall in the study area is characterized by its spatial and temporal irregularity, average of 700 mm/y in high areas and 200 mm/y in the low areas. The study of the chemical composition of rainwater samples containing total (bulk) deposition (dry and wet) has identified the influence marine spray and atmospheric dust contributions and the variability of the rainwater mineralization caused by altitude, distance to the sea, and frequency and amount of rainfall. Groundwater mineralization increases from the high zones to the coast, from HCO3-Na low mineralized and poorly evolved water in the high parts to HCO3-Na, HCO3-Ca and HCO3-Mg waters in the mid areas and Cl-Na, high mineralized waters in coastal areas. A strip of East-West approximate direction with volcanic gases contributions, mainly CO2, has been identified, which favors a higher water mineralization. Neither time evolution of groundwater chemistry nor seawater intrusion has been observed, although there are some wells with high nitrate concentrations. Groundwater exploitation is made through 373 water points, of which 74 are out of use They are mainly 3 m diameter dug wells. In recent decades there has been a progressive drawdown of the water table caused by the high exploitation, which has produced the decrease and disappearance of many of the springs. This thesis has analyzed the spring’s evolution since 1906 and the aquifer chloride mass balance method. The result is a total average recharge of about 9.6 million m3/year in the 67,25 km2 of the area or about an average 142,8 mm/year. The main contribution of this thesis consists in the validated definition of the conceptual model of the aquifer system functioning with hydrogeochemical and environmental isotope support. So it is the scientific basis of later studies
Electrospun cellulose acetate composites containing supported metal nanoparticles for antifungal membranes
No full textElectrospun cellulose acetate composites containing silver and copper nanoparticles supported in sepiolite and mesoporous silica were prepared and tested as tungistatic membranes against the fungus Aspergillus niger. The nanoparticles were in the 3-50 nm range for sepiolite supported materials and limited by the size of mesopores (5-8 nm) in the case of mesoporous silica. Sepiolite and silica were well dispersed within the fibers, with larger aggregates in the micrometer range, and allowed a controlled release of metals to create a tungistatic environment. The effect was assessed using digital image analysis to evaluate fungal growth rate and fluorescence readings using a viability stain. The results showed that silver and copper nanomaterials significantly impaired the growth of fungi when the spores were incubated either in direct contact with particles or included in cellulose acetate composite membranes The fungistatic effect took place on germinating spores before hyphae growth conidiophore formation. After 24 h the cultures were separated from fungistatic materials and showed growth impairment only due to the prior exposure. Growth reduction was important for all the particles and membranes with respect to non-exposed controls. The effect of copper and silver loaded materials was not significantly different from each other with average reductions around 70% for bare particles and 50% for membranes. Copper on sepiolite was particularly efficient with a decrease of metabolic activity of up to 80% with respect to controls. Copper materials induced rapid maturation and conidiation with fungi splitting in sets of subcolonies. Metal-loaded nanomaterials acted as reservoirs for the controlled release of metals. The amount of silver or copper released daily by composite membranes represented roughly 1% of their total load of metals.Supported nanomaterials encapsulated in nanofibers allow formulating active membranes with high antifungal performance at the same time minimizing the risk of nanoparticle release into the environment
Long-term transport behavior of psychoactive compounds in sewage-affected groundwater
No full textThe present study provides a model-based characterization
of the long-term transport behavior of five
psychoactive compounds (meprobamate, pyrithyldione,
primidone, phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide) introduced
into groundwater via sewage irrigation in Berlin,
Germany. Compounds are still present in the groundwater
despite the sewage farm closure in the year 1980. Due to
the limited information on (i) compound concentrations in
the source water and (ii) substance properties, a total of
180 cross-sectional model realizations for each compound
were carried out, covering a large range of possible parameter
combinations. Results were compared with the
present-day contamination patterns in the aquifer and the
most likely scenarios were identified based on a number of
model performance criteria. The simulation results show
that (i) compounds are highly persistent under the present
field conditions, and (ii) sorption is insignificant. Thus,
back-diffusion from low permeability zones appears as the
main reason for the compound retardation