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    Micro and nanoplastics in the environment: Research priorities for the near future.

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    Plastic litter dispersed in the different environmental compartments represents one of the most concerning problems associated with human activities. Specifically, plastic particles in the micro and nano size scale are ubiquitous and represent a threat to human health and the environment. In the last few decades, a huge amount of research has been devoted to evaluate several aspects of micro/nano-plastic contamination: origin and emissions, presence in different compartments, environmental fate, effects on human health and the environment, transfer in the food web and the role of associated chemicals and microorganisms. Nevertheless, despite the bulk of information produced, several knowledge gaps still exist. The objective of this paper is to highlight the most important of these knowledge gaps and to provide suggestions for the main research needs required to describe and understand the most controversial points to better orient the research efforts for the near future. Some of the major issues that need further efforts to improve our knowledge on the exposure, effects and risk of micro/nano-plastics are: harmonization of sampling procedures; development of more accurate, less expensive and less time-consuming analytical methods; assessment of degradation patterns and environmental fate of fragments; evaluating the capabilities for bioaccumulation and transfer to the food web; and evaluating the fate and the impact of chemicals and microorganisms associated with micro/nano-plastics. The major gaps in all sectors of our knowledge, from exposure to potentially harmful effects, refer to small size microplastics and, particularly, to the occurrence, fate and effects of nanoplastics

    Chapter 1: Introduction to desalination and microbial desalination cells

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    This chapter presents desalination as one of the technologies to alleviate water scarcity and its contribution to the sustainable development goals. An overview of the world and regional desalination capacity is presented and areas where desalination has potential for development are identified. The overall concept of the microbial desalination cells is presented and the areas where key innovations were developed is presented. A discussion on the energy costs and production costs in seawater reverse osmosis is briefly discussed

    Recuperación de nutrientes con membranas recicladas: economía circular en el sector del agua.

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    IMDEA agua trabaja, en el marco del proyecto INREMEM 2.0, en el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas que permiten el reciclaje de membranas de ósmosis inversa. Este proyecto tiene como finalidad el reciclaje de membranas desechadas por las plantas desaladoras y su aplicación en el tratamiento de aguas residuales con intrusión salina, permitiendo la regeneración del agua para uso agrícola y recuperar los nutrientes y sales presente

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