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Incidence and duration of human papillomavirus infections in young women: insights from a bimonthly follow-up cohort
No full textInternational audienceBackground. We studied the duration of HPV detection and risk of (re-) detection for 25 HPV genotypes in a cohort of 132 women followed every eight weeks for up to two years between 2016 and 2020. Participants were between 18 and 25 years old at inclusion and half of them were vaccinated against HPV. They were recruited near the University and the STI detection centre in Montpellier, France.Methods. We used genotype-specific longitudinal data to characterise the dynamics of HPV-detected episodes. We investigated the contribution of viral and host factors to the variations in the duration of HPV detection, and the time before (re-)detection of the same genotype using multivariate Cox regression models with frailty at the patient level.Findings. We detected at least one HPV episode in 74% of the participants and re-detected the same genotype in 47% of them. Covariates related to socio-economic difficulties were associated with a lower risk of detectability loss (hazard ratio 0.45 with a 95% confidence interval, CI, from 0.21 to 0.97).The number of lifetime sexual partners was strongly associated with an increased risk of new positive detection (hazard ratio 2.40 with a 95%CI from 1.07 to 5.39). In contrast, vaccination was associated with a lower risk of displaying incident infections (hazard ratio of 0.64 with a 95%CI from 0.43 to 0.96).Conclusion.In the short term, vaccination shows clear signs of protection against new HPV detections, including for some genotypes not targeted by the vaccine, such as HPV31 and HPV51.</p
Identification of Bed Bugs from Comoros, Using Morphological, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry, and Molecular Biology Tools, and the Detection of Associated Bacteria
No full textInternational audienceAfter virtually disappearing from domestic dwellings in the Western world at the end of the Second World War, bed bugs have re-emerged in recent years. Few studies, however, have been carried out on these insects in tropical islands. In this study, we focussed on describing bed bug specimens collected from dwellings in a high-altitude village in Grande Comore, an island in the Comoros, in the Indian Ocean. We also aimed to detect the bacteria associated with them. Using MALDI-TOF MS coupled with molecular biology, we were able to confirm that the C. hemipterus species (the tropical bug) was the bug infesting these homes. Interestingly, the results also show that MALDI-TOF MS can differentiate between the developmental stages of bed bugs (immature and adult). Screening for bacteria was carried out using qPCR, regular PCR, and sequencing, with only Wolbachia DNA being found. Widespread surveys throughout the country are needed to ascertain the level of bed bug infestation, with a view to implementing appropriate control measures
Do Index Insurance Programs Live Up to Their Promises? Aggregating Evidence from Multiple Experiments
No full textInternational audienceDespite limited uptake, index insurance is often seen as one of the most remarkable innovations of the past decades to help smallholder farmers manage risks and boost their productive investments. In this paper, we use a Bayesian hierarchical model to aggregate evidence from eight experiments and assess the external validity of their results. We find that interventions expanding access to index insurance increase productive investments by 0.06-0.11 SD on average (equivalent to 8-16% of the control mean). Heterogeneity in treatment effects across studies is high but imprecisely estimated, and controlling for basic, pre-registered household characteristics has no impact on these estimates. Effects on those who take up index insurance are larger but even more heterogeneous. We conclude that the existing evidence base offers limited insights to predict effects in new settings, and that policymakers should be cautious before investing in the widespread promotion of index insurance
Contributions to seismic interferometry: Looking for new seismic observations at geophysical scales
No full textEvaluating nutrient circularity in integrated aquaculture systems: criteria and indicators
No full textInternational audienceNutrient circularity is an application of circular economy principles that addresses issues such as nutrientaccumulation or loss, and a shift away from fossil and synthetic fertilisers. The concept is increasingly beingexplored and is relevant for managing nutrients more sustainably in agri- and aquaculture systems, but thestandards by which nutrient circularity can be evaluated require further clarification, and quantitative indicators should be established. Identifying the nutrient circularity performance of integrated aquaculture systems is particularly relevant to better understand how the combination of multiple and complementary species farmed or naturally present in these systems can upcycle nutrients from waste. The main objectives of this study were to improve understanding of nutrient circularity and clarify how to quantify it for (integrated) aquaculture systems. To this end, criteria for describing nutrient circularity were first defined based on a literature review, and quantitative indicators were then identified for each criterion to create an indicator framework. Finally, this framework was applied to three contrasting experimental integrated aquaculture systems (i.e. aquaponic, biofloc and polyculture pond) and their conventional monoculture system counterparts from previous studies to test its ability to compare nutrient circularity in aquaculture systems. Six complementary criteria (and 21 associated indicators) for describing nutrient circularity were identified: productivity, efficiency, self-sufficiency, recycling, regeneration, diversity and complementarity. These criteria, related to circularity principles, provided a clear framework for evaluation. Application of the framework indicated that the integrated systems evaluated usually outperformed conventional monoculture systems, which highlighted the potential of integrated systems to manage nutrients more sustainably. These contrasting integrated systems showed that different pathways (e.g., microbial loops, complementarity between farmed species) can be mobilised to create and (re-)cycle nutrients. Although relatively simple indicators were developed, lack of data prevented quantification of several indicators and thus a full comparison of the systems. Overall, this study helps clarify the concept of nutrient circularity and supports the development of integrated farming systems for more sustainable use of nutrients
Thriving Through Synergy: Fostering a SOLAS Science Community Built on Equity, International Connections, and the Integration of Early Career Scientists
No full textInternational audienceThe Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) is a global research network dedicated to advancing coupled oceanographic and atmospheric science, a field that requires both interdisciplinary and globally distributed expertise. Since 2004, SOLAS has fostered an international interdisciplinary scientific community through coordinated science and capacity sharing activities. This paper outlines how SOLAS 3.0 (2026–2035) will build on this legacy by further prioritizing diversity, equity, and inclusion, and expanding and strengthening research at the ocean-atmosphere interface. SOLAS 3.0 new initiatives include a mentorship program, skill enhancement workshops, increasing access to resources, and a network of observation and training centers. By learning from past successes and challenges, SOLAS 3.0 aims to inspire scientists from around the world, as well as the next generation, to address complex transdisciplinary research and tackle present and future societal challenges in a truly global way
Link between the Birth-Death process and the Kingman Coalescent — Applications to Phylogenetic Epidemiology
No full textInternational audienceThe two most popular tree models used in phylogenetics are the birthdeath (BD) and the Kingman coalescent (KC). These two models differ in several respects, notably: (i) population size is random in the BD versus fixed in the KC, (ii) the BD makes assumptions about the way samples are collected, while the KC conditions on the number of samples and the collection times, thus bypassing the need to describe the sampling procedure. These two models have been applied to different contexts: the BD in macroevolutive studies of clades of species, and the KC for populations. The exception is the field of phylogenetic epidemiology which uses both models. It then asks the question of how such different models can be used in the same context. In this paper, we study large-population limits of the BD, in a search for a mathematical link between the BD and the KC. We show that the KC is the large-population limit of a BD conditioned on a given population trajectory, and we provide the formula for the parameter θ of the limiting KC. This formula appears in earlier studies, but the present article is the first to show formally how the correspondence arises as a large-population limit, and that the BD needs to be conditioned for the KC to arise. Besides these fundamentally mathematical results, we demonstrate how our findings can be used practically in phylogenetic inference. In particular, we propose a new method for phylogenetic epidemiology, ensuing from our results. We conjecture that this new method, used in conjunction with auxiliary data, should allow to estimate important epidemiological parameters (e.g. the prevalence and the effective reproduction number), in a way that is robust to the data-generating model and the sampling procedure. Future studies will be needed to put our claims to the test
A Post-Synthetic Modification Approach to Expand MIL-101-NH 2 Functionalization
No full textInternational audienceConsidering the importance of organic functionalization of MOFs, we here report a simple, tunable and efficient one-step post-modification procedure for introducing amino and carboxylic groups into the mesoporous metal-organic framework Al-and Cr-MIL-101-NH 2 based on its reaction with alkyl bromides. This procedure allows also access to polyfunctionalized MIL-101 decorated with both carboxylic and primary amino groups. Other chemical functions, such as alcohols and alkynes, were also successfully introduced by this method
Current tectonic deformation of the Sulaiman Range (Pakistan) with InSAR
No full textInternational audienceSUMMARY In Pakistan, the relative displacement between the Indian and Eurasian plates is accommodated by a left-lateral transpression zone comprising the Chaman and Ghazaband faults and the Sulaiman Range. The current tectonic deformation of the Sulaiman Range is known only from some focal mechanisms and a few neotectonic studies. In this study, we propose an Interferometric Synthetic-Aperture Radar (InSAR) quantification of current tectonic deformation using the Sentinel 1 satellite. Velocity maps for the ascending and descending tracks enabled us to locate active faults affected by creep: the Harnaï and Kingri strike-slip faults, and the Gwal–Bagh thrust. We propose a numerical simulation that considers these faults as well as the level of detachment fold-and-thrust belt. Our results suggest the existence of out-of-sequence deformation along the Gwal–Bagh thrust, creep along the Harnaï and Kingri strike-slip faults, and slip along the décollement of the Sulaiman Range. The eastern part of the Sulaiman Range is characterized by a partitioning of the deformation with a left-lateral strike-slip along the N170° Kingri fault and an eastward thrust. In contrast, the western part is characterized by north–south compressive deformation associated with right lateral strike-slip on the Harnaï N120° fault. Modelling of the coseismic deformation of the 2021 October 21 earthquake shows that this earthquake occurred on a fault with a ramp geometry, but affected by a strike-slip motion
Fluorescence data of natural organic matter in groundwater from the Fontaine de Vaucluse karst system (2020 to 2021): Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) and 2D spectra at 254 nm excitation wavelength
No full textInternational audienceThis dataset provides bimonthly fluorescence data from February 2020 to October 2021 at 4 springs, 1 loss and 9 unsaturated zone flows of the Fontaine de Vaucluse karst system (France). The data correspond to Excitation Emission Matrices (EEM) and emission spectra at 254 nm excitation wavelength of organic matter fluorescence. Analyses were performed with a SHIMADZU RF-5301 PC spectrofluorometer at the following wavelengths: EEM at λex= [220; 450] nm, interval=10 nm; λem= [250; 550] nm, interval=1 nm; and 2D emission spectra at λex=254nm, λem= [250; 530] nm, interval=1 nm. Milli-Q water EEMs are also provided, one for each day of analysis, to allow later correction of the Raman diffraction. Only raw data are provided to allow the user to adapt the corrections to his purpose. The originality of this dataset is the 20-months monitoring of different types of karst waters, from the saturated zone (springs with small or large catchments) to the unsaturated zone which was exceptionally accessible thanks to the Low Noise Underground Laboratory (LSBB, https://lsbb.cnrs.fr/). This dataset was carried out to question the use of the main fluorescence indices (FI, BIX, HIX, [1] and to develop a new index to assess the qualitative groundwater transit time [2,3]. The use of this dataset could be extended to fields other than hydrogeology, such as pedology, microbiology or hydrobiology. It could be usefull to improve the understanding of the carbon cycle as carbon is the main atom constituting organic matter and fluorescence allows the characterization of the molecular structure of the molecule