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Safety Monitoring of Machine Learning Perception Functions: a Survey
No full text25 pages, 2 figuresInternational audienceMachine Learning (ML) models, such as deep neural networks, are widely applied in autonomous systems to perform complex perception tasks. New dependability challenges arise when ML predictions are used in safety-critical applications, like autonomous cars and surgical robots. Thus, the use of fault tolerance mechanisms, such as safety monitors, is essential to ensure the safe behavior of the system despite the occurrence of faults. This paper presents an extensive literature review on safety monitoring of perception functions using ML in a safety-critical context. In this review, we structure the existing literature to highlight key factors to consider when designing such monitors: threat identification, requirements elicitation, detection of failure, reaction, and evaluation. We also highlight the ongoing challenges associated with safety monitoring and suggest directions for future research
Microbial biomass – not diversity – drives soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization in Spanish holm oak ecosystems
No full textInternational audienc
Spatialising the ecological impacts of alien species into risk maps
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/613787/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): 101059592;B3;(EU) Biodiversity Building Blocks for Policy// ;;(FRA) Oil BodiEs for INNovative food products: from plant seed processing to digestive fate//International audienceSpatial assessments of the ecological impacts of alien species are needed to integrate impacts into biodiversity conservation policies and management strategies. We developed standardised approaches for aggregating impact scores at both species and site levels, synthesising the ecological impacts of alien species into risk maps. We applied these approaches to 33 Australian Acacia species introduced in South Africa. Creating risk maps involves four main steps: (1) perform impact assessment per species; (2) combine impact categories into one score per species; (3) gather species occurrence data into standardised grid cells; and (4) combine impact scores across species per grid cell into a risk map. We proposed six risk maps based on different assumptions of impact aggregation. All risk maps revealed important variation in environmental impacts of alien Acacia species across South Africa. The only exception was the precautionary risk map, which indicated that nearly all the areas occupied by Acacia had high risk, whereas the other risk maps identified between 5 % and 14 % with high risk. Risk maps provide additional information compared to maps of alien species richness and can help identifying areas where greater ecological impacts are likely. The approaches for risk maps can be applied to any taxon with available data on their distribution and ecological impacts. Our approach can be used to identify and prioritise sites with potential high impact. Based on the future risk map, we suggest five management strategies to limit the expansion of impactful species, of for clearing impactful species
Exploring microbial diversity in forest litter-based fermented bioproducts and their effects on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth in Senegal
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/613399/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): ;;(FRA) ACEPT// ;;(FRA) MAB// ;;(FRA) VALIMAB//International audienceReducing the use of chemical inputs (fertilizers, pesticides) in agriculture while maintaining crop productivity is the main challenge facing sub-Saharan African family farming systems. The use of effective microorganisms (EM) is among the various innovative approaches for minimizing chemical inputs and the environmental impact of agricultural production and protecting soil health while enhancing crop yields and improving food security. This study sought to characterize the microbial biodiversity of local beneficial microorganisms (BMs) products from locally fermented forest litter and investigate their ability to enhance tomato plant growth and development. Beneficial microorganisms (BMs) were obtained by anaerobic fermentation of forest litter collected in four agroecological regions of Senegal mixed with sugarcane molasses and various types of carbon sources (groundnut shells, millet stovers, and rice bran in different proportions). The microbial community composition was analyzed using next-generation rDNA sequencing, and their effects on tomato growth traits were tested in greenhouse experiments. Results show that regardless of the litter geographical collection site, the dominant bacterial taxa in the BMs belonged to the phyla Firmicutes (27.75–97.06%) and Proteobacteria (2.93–72.24%). Within these groups, the most prevalent classes were Bacilli (14.41–89.82%), α-proteobacteria (2.83–72.09%), and Clostridia (0.024–13.34%). Key genera included Lactobacillus (13–65.83%), Acetobacter (8.91–72.09%), Sporolactobacillus (1.40–43.35%), and Clostridium (0.08–13.34%). Fungal taxa were dominated by the classes Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes, with a prevalence of the acidophilic genus Acidea. Although microbial diversity is relatively uniform across samples, the relative abundance of microbial taxa is influenced by the litter's origin. This is illustrated by the PCoA analysis, which clusters microbial communities based on their litter source. Greenhouse experiments revealed that five BMs (DK-M, DK-G, DK-GM, NB-R, and NB-M) significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced tomato growth traits, including plant height (+10.75% for DK-G and +9.44% for NB-R), root length (+56.84–62.20%), root volume (+84.32–97.35%), root surface area (+53.16–56.72%), and both fresh and dry shoot biomass when compared to untreated controls. This study revealed that forest-fermented litter products (BMs), produced using litter collected from various regions in Senegal, contain beneficial microorganisms known as plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs), which enhanced tomato growth. These findings highlight the potential of locally produced BMs as an agroecological alternative to inorganic inputs, particularly within Senegal's family farming systems
From pond to lowland scale, a systemic approach to better understanding small-scale rice-fish farming dynamics: Case study in Guinea
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/613352/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): ;PisCoFam;(AFD) Projet de Développement de la Pisciculture Commerciale et Familiale//International audienceContext: Rice-fish farming supports rural livelihoods in Guinea, but practices and outcomes vary widely due to differences in environmental conditions and market access. These disparities affect farmers' ability to adopt advanced aquaculture techniques, highlighting the need for context-specific approaches. Objective: This study explores the practices, constraints, and income contributions of rice-fish farming systems in Guinea, with a focus on the drivers of technical adoption and their effects on household livelihoods. Methods: A census of 1942 rice-fish farmers was combined with in-depth monitoring of 36 production cycles from 16 farms across three agro-ecological zones. Analyses included descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis tests, mass balance, labor productivity calculations and qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews. Market accessibility was identified as a significant influencing factor through statistical association with fish prices and practice adoption, and interpreted in light of qualitative information such as proximity to regional markets and the presence of wholesale fish buyers. Results and conclusions: Although farmers generally understand fish farming principles, only 59 % use H. fasciatus and 30 % adopt monosex tilapia. Many recycle small fish as fingerlings, limiting growth potential. Rice-fish farming contributes 18 % of household income, on par with rice (22 %) and plantation crops (21 %). In peri-urban areas, better market access encourages the adoption of advanced practices, leading to higher prices (25,000 GNF/kg vs. 16,000–20,000 elsewhere). In contrast, savannah farmers face challenges such as water scarcity and poor market connectivity, often integrating dry-season horticulture into ponds. Significance: The study highlights farmers' adaptability in developing context-specific practices. It underscores the need for tailored support to enhance the sustainability and resilience of rice-fish farming systems in Guinea
Post-composing ontology terms for efficient phenotyping in plant breeding
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/612646/)International audienceOntologies are widely used in databases to standardize data, improving data quality, integration, and ease of comparison. Within ontologies tailored to diverse use cases, post-composing user-defined terms reconciles the demands for standardization on the one hand and flexibility on the other. In many instances of Breedbase, a digital ecosystem for plant breeding designed for genomic selection, the goal is to capture phenotypic data using highly curated and rigorous crop ontologies, while adapting to the specific requirements of plant breeders to record data quickly and efficiently. For example, post-composing enables users to tailor ontology terms to suit specific and granular use cases such as repeated measurements on different plant parts and special sample preparation techniques. To achieve this, we have implemented a post-composing tool based on orthogonal ontologies providing users with the ability to introduce additional levels of phenotyping granularity tailored to unique experimental designs. Post-composed terms are designed to be reused by all breeding programs within a Breedbase instance but are not exported to the crop reference ontologies. Breedbase users can post-compose terms across various categories, such as plant anatomy, treatments, temporal events, and breeding cycles, and, as a result, generate highly specific terms for more accurate phenotyping
Regional patterns of wild animal hunting in African tropical forests
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/611681/) * Autres projets (id;sigle;titre): ES/S008160/1;;(GRB) UKRI GCRF TRADE Hub// ;SWM;(UE) Sustainable Wildlife Management Programme//International audienceWildlife contributes to the diets, livelihoods and socio-cultural activities of people worldwide; however, unsustainable hunting is a major pressure on wildlife. Regional assessments of the factors associated with hunting offtakes are needed to understand the scale and patterns of wildlife exploitation relevant for policy. We synthesized 83 studies across West and Central Africa to identify the factors associated with variation in offtake. Our models suggest that offtake per hunter per day is greater for hunters who sell a greater proportion of their offtake; among non-hunter-gatherers; and in areas that have better forest condition, are closer to protected areas and are less accessible from towns. We present evidence that trade and gun hunting have increased since 1991 and that areas more accessible from towns and with worse forest condition may be depleted of larger-bodied wildlife. Given the complex factors associated with regional hunting patterns, context-specific hunting management is key to achieving a sustainable future
Les arthropodes du cotonnier. Diversité et modalités de gestion des ravageurs
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/611395/)International audienceLe cotonnier produit la majorité des fibres naturelles utilisées aujourd'hui dans la confection de vêtements. La production de cette fibre, matière première commercialisée à l'échelle mondiale, peut être réduite à néant si les attaques de maladies ou de ravageurs ne sont pas maîtrisées. L'ouvrage traite des méthodes utilisées pour la protection du cotonnier contre les attaques des insectes et des acariens et met l'accent sur les limites des techniques utilisables selon les contextes socio-économiques des pays producteurs, en Afrique et Amérique du Sud : espèces d'arthropodes impliquées, types de dégâts, régulation naturelle, stratégies et méthodes de contrôle disponibles… Sur la base des pratiques existantes, les auteurs analysent les perspectives qui s'offrent aux producteurs de coton pour la protection de leurs cultures dans un monde confronté au changement climatique. Ils soulignent la nécessité de considérer les problèmes d'une manière globale et discutent de l'optimisation des approches en fonction des situations en prenant en compte par exemple la structure du paysage
Un fort séisme récent dans les Alpes du Sud ?
No full textLettre d'information N°4, mai 2025, https://www.epos-france.fr/valorisation/lettre-dinformation-epos-france/L’analyse d’images aériennes a mis en évidence un escarpement continu sur environ 3 km de long au col de Lombarde (proche de la station d’Isola 2000 dans les Alpes du Sud). Dans le cadre de l’action FACT (Faille Active en France,Epos-France), 2 tranchées paléosismologiques ont été réalisées le long de l’escarpement et sont en cours d’analyse. Les premiers résultats laissent supposer un paléoséisme avec une magnitude de l’ordre de 6,5-7 dans les dernières dizaines de milliers d’années
