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De l’émergence du mpox en République démocratique du Congo aux urgences sanitaires globales
No full textInternational audienceLongtemps négligé, le virus mpox a provoqué deux déclarations d’urgence de santé publique par l’Organisation mondiale de la santé en seulement deux ans. La détection rapide et la caractérisation des souches virales impliquées sont cruciales pour un meilleur contrôle de la maladie. Les travaux récents de séquençage des génomes viraux en République démocratique du Congo (RDC) ont montré l’émergence en 2023 du clade Ib, avec une transmission interhumaine soutenue et une diffusion rapide dans plusieurs autres pays frontaliers non endémiques, ainsi que hors d’Afrique. D’autre part, des variants du clade Ia, majoritaire en RDC et associé à la transmission zoonotique, commencent à émerger dans de grandes agglomérations urbaines comme Kinshasa. L’adaptation observée à l’Homme fait redouter une exportation et une globalisation de l’épidémie
A century of diagnostic improvements in a sugarcane pathology changing context: from symptom observation to molecular assays
No full textSource Agritrop Cirad (https://agritrop.cirad.fr/613813/)International audienceSugarcane germplasm has been moved between geographical ragions of the world for numerous centuries, but the first record of a sugarcane disease in the literature dates only to 1869 when symptoms and signs of gumming were described in Brazil. At the end of the 19th century and the first hait of the 20th century, diagnosis of sugarcane diseases was solely based on symptom observation (including cytology and microscopy investigations), isolation and characterization of the pathogens (fungi and bacteria) isolated on culture media, and inoculation assays (including for viruses). Application of these methods resulted in the identification of pathogens that caused important disease outbreaks such as leaf scald, mosaic, orange rust, red rot, smut, etc. A first major breakthrough in disease diagnosis occurred du ring the second hait of the 20th century when serological assays were developed. This allowed better and faster detection of pathogens, especially viruses such as sugarcane mosaic viruses and bacteria such as Xanthomonas a/bilineans and Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli. At the end of the 20th century, the advent of nucleic acid sequencing resulted in the development of molecular diagnostic methods based on DNA/RNA probing and amplification assays. Ali these molecular methods targeted specific genome sequences of a pathogen and were developed for most diseases threatening sugarcane production. A new and transformative breakthrough occurred at the beginning of the 21 st century with the development of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies that permitted the detection of known but also unknown pathogens. HTS was used to investigate the virome of sugarcane and to discover new viruses but also to solve a ninety years mystery regarding the causal agent of sugarcane chlorotic streak. Numerous and powerful diagnostic methods are currently available to detect and identify sugarcane pathogens, as well as to ensure safe movement of germplasm among sugarcane producing locations
Out‐of‐Africa: Origin of the Disjunct Distribution of Paleotropical Eneopterinae Crickets (Gryllidae, Xenogryllini)
No full textInternational audienceMany groups of terrestrial plants and animals display a disjunct distribution pattern in the Paleotropics, being found almost exclusively in tropical Africa and Asia. The origin of such a pattern may be manifold, particularly for older lineages where plate tectonics potentially played an important role. Several potential colonisation routes may have been involved in dispersal events between the Afrotropics and tropical Asia, not to mention long-distance dispersal events through island hopping. To advance in the understanding of disjunct Paleotropical distributions, we focus on a tribe of Paleotropical crickets, the Xenogryllini. They supposedly originated in the Early Eocene, thus experiencing multiple past geological and environmental changes during their diversification. Resolving the evolutionary history of Xenogryllini is thus expected to shed light on the biogeographic processes that generated disjunct Paleotropical distributions. To tackle this, we assembled a multi-marker molecular dataset for the tribe encompassing all species. We carried out phylogenetic, molecular dating, and historical biogeography analyses. Our results provide a highly supported phylogenetic hypothesis for the tribe and suggest an out-of-Africa origin with several independent dispersal events towards Asia, likely involving distinct colonisation routes in the Neogene
The Eemian tufa of Resson(La Saulsotte): An exceptionally large calcareous tufa from the last interglacial period
No full textInternational audienceCalcareous tufas are open-air carbonate formations that form near springs or in watercourses. While they are relatively widespread in regions with limestone bedrock, such as the Paris Basin, ancient tufas preserved to a thickness of several metres are rare. The Resson tufa extends across the small valley of the same name, covering nearly a kilometre in length and several hundred metres in width. This is why it is marked on the geological map of the area (Fig. 1).When research on the site restarted in 2020, an ancient quarry face several metres thick was cleaned, documented and sampled (see figures 1 and 3). This revealed a tufa deposit around 10 metres thick, resting on colluvial deposits that had been reworked by fluvial processes. This geomorphological evidence, together with the first U-Th dating on calcite, confirms that the Resson tufa dates from the Eemian interglacial period, between 130,000 and 115,000 years ago.Profile 1 shows the most well-developed tufa sequence (Fig. 2 and 3), consisting of a succession of granular facies comprising encrusted plant debris, followed by finer and even silty facies in the upper part, which is typical of fluvial-marsh tufa
Ethnie versus race? Mises en perspective asiatiques
No full textInternational audienceL'article questionne les modes de catégorisation de l'humanité et notamment les termes vernaculaires mis en correspondance des notions occidentales de race et d'ethnie dans plusieurs langues asiatiques: hindi, chinois, thaïs, malai
Quand le silence fait sens : la banalisation du viol en Côte d'Ivoire
No full textInternational audienceRape was made a criminal offense in Côte d’Ivoire in 1981. However, it was not until the decade of political and military crisis in Côte d’Ivoire – beginning in 2002 – that rape was marked as a matter of public concern. Prior to this decade, and despite criminalization in 1981, rape was shrouded in both institutional and social silence. This article argues that the silence observed during this period reflects the trivialization of rape in Côte d’Ivoire. This argument draws from data including rape decisions reported in the press between 1960 and 2002. It also draws from interviews that were conducted with representatives from national and international institutions, victims and perpetrators of rape, their families and civil society players. Study data were interpreted in the light of Élisabeth Noëlle-Neumann's ‘spiral of silence’ theory. According to this theory, fear of isolation can lead to silencing individuals (or the State) who renounce their own judgement if their opinion contradicts the opinion shared in their social (or political) environment.Le viol a été érigé en infraction pénale en Côte d'Ivoire en 1981. Cependant, ce n'est qu'au cours de la décennie de crise politico-militaire qui a marqué le pays – à partir de 2002 – que le viol est devenu un problème publique. Avant cette décennie, et malgré sa criminalisation en 1981, le viol était entouré d'un silence institutionnel et social. Cet article soutient que le silence observé durant cette période traduit la banalisation du viol en Côte d'Ivoire. Cet argument s'appuie sur des données incluant des décisions de justice relatives au viol rapportées dans la presse entre 1960 et 2002. Il s'appuie également sur des entretiens menés avec des représentants d'institutions nationales et internationales, des victimes et des auteurs de viol, leurs familles et des acteurs de la société civile. Les données de l'étude ont été interprétées à la lumière de la théorie de la « spirale du silence » d'Élisabeth Noëlle-Neumann. Selon cette théorie, la peur de l’isolement peut conduire à réduire au silence les individus (ou l’État) qui renoncent à leur propre jugement si leur opinion contredit celle partagée dans leur environnement social (ou politique)
Comité d'experts sur la gestion adaptative - Avis concernant la chasse du fuligule milouin
No full textRéseau de mesure de l'Observatoire des Sédiments du Rhône - La Drôme à Livron-sur-Drôme: Fiche station 11
No full textCette fiche décrit les équipements mis en place à la station de la Drôme à Livron-sur-Drôme pour l'acquisition de données sur les flux de matières en suspension (MES) et de contaminants particulaires. Cette station fait partie du réseau de mesure de l'Observatoire des Sédiments du Rhône (OSR).Equipement déployer la station : CHARGE EN MES (mg</div
Introduction. Prendre de la distance pour (re)penser la pratique de l’enquête de terrain
No full textInternational audiencePlutôt que d’étudier l’impact des Internet sur la société, ce dossier aborde la question plus prosaïque de la manière dont chercheuses et chercheurs peuvent accéder à, observer et rendre compte de cette expérience en ligne. Nous espérons ainsi contribuer au développement d’une attitude réflexive et critique sur les outils et méthodes de recherche à distance, tout en pensant l’ethnographie en ligne comme un nouveau paradigme de recherche. Ce dossier servira de support pour partager et discuter des récits de recherche qui s’emparent de l’expérience numérique. Il cherchera, à partir de ces récits, à questionner nos méthodologies classiques ou traditionnelles de collecte de données, ancrées dans l’immersion sur le temps long et l’observation directe, quand elles ne font plus sens au regard de nos pratiques
