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Legal Repair: Domesticating European Legislation on Pig Welfare
No full textInternational audienceOur daily activities rely on a proliferating number of things that are subject to decay. As stressed in a growing body of literature, repair is critical to the smooth functioning of material infrastructure. However, this scholarship has overlooked a crucial dimension: things become fragile not only due to material degradation but also as a result of regulatory change. This article introduces the notion of “legal repair” to describe how, in the face of legal change, certain actors reassemble the material world. We elaborate on this concept through an analysis of the domestication of European Union (EU) animal welfare legislation by the French pig sector. While it was feared that stricter pig housing standards would fragilize the existing farms, pig farmers complied using technical systems that failed to significantly improve animal welfare. We analyze this domestication of EU legislation as a process of legal repair. Alongside the political work of the leaders of the pig sector, agricultural advisers also played a key role. Their work reveals the relational nature of legal repair: in the production of “local specifications” matching the demands of existing farming systems, in the negotiation of the finer points of the legislation, and in the redefinition of farming performance
Management and survival of patients with cancer of unknown primary discussed by a French national multidisciplinary tumour board: a retrospective analysis
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The contributions of various calcifying plankton to the South Atlantic calcium carbonate stock
No full textInternational audiencePelagic calcifying plankton play an important role in the marine carbon cycle. However, field studies quantifying the contributions of multiple calcifying plankton groups to particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) stocks and export into the ocean interior are scarce. Most studies target one specific plankton group and adjust their sampling strategy accordingly, hampering comparisons. Furthermore, the literature is strongly biased towards foraminifera and coccolithophores, so aragonite contributions (e.g., gastropods) remain virtually unconstrained. A holistic view is required for future projections of marine carbon cycle changes. Here, we present the contributions of three main calcifying plankton groups – coccolithophores, foraminifera and planktonic gastropods (comprising heteropods and pteropods) – to PIC stocks and fluxes throughout the water column during a sampling campaign in the South Atlantic Ocean. Coccolithophore calcite dominated the depth-integrated PIC standing stock (∼ 80 %), followed by aragonite from planktonic gastropods (∼ 17 %) and calcite from foraminifera (∼ 3 %). The estimated production and export of the calcifying plankton largely depend on assumed turnover times and sinking speeds, which both have large uncertainties. Coccolithophores contributed 92 %–99 % of the produced PIC, depending on planktonic gastropod turnover time, and from 52 % to 99 % of the exported PIC, depending on their mode of sinking. Both the standing stock and export of planktonic gastropods was significantly larger than that of foraminifera. Similarity between our results and those from different ocean basins suggests that these patterns are global in nature, implying that not only coccolithophores but also gastropods may be a more important contributor to the oceans PIC inventory than foraminifera, challenging a longstanding paradigm
The BIOMASP+ project on biosphere-atmosphere exchanges and their role in air pollution in the subtropical megacity of São Paulo: motivations, methods and preliminary observations
No full textInternational audienceAir pollution, especially in urban areas, is the result of a complex mixture of natural and anthropogenic emissions and their atmospheric processing. It causes millions of premature deaths worldwide and affects plant metabolism, which in turn alters the emissions of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound (BVOCs) by plants. By taking the subtropical Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) as a natural laboratory, the BIOMASP+ project (BIOsphere-atmosphere interactions in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo - plus) a ims to evaluate the interplay between the biosphere and secondary pollution (ozone and SOA formation and aging). The Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlântica) is the target ecosystem as the fifth biodiversity hotspot in the world. Here we present the scientific motivations of the project, its methodology and the preliminary observations from the Special Observation Periods of year 2023 (SOP1, 2, 3 and 4). BIOMASP+ is (i) integrative, by combining in-situ/remote/laboratory observations andmodeling, (ii) multidisciplinary, addressing micrometeorology, urban climate, atmospheric chemistry and biology. The project involves multiple nested scales: from leaf to above-canopy levels, from very short time (microseconds) to multi-year scale, from few millimeters (turbulence scale) to synoptic scale. In particular, the experimental effort relies on the implementation of two contrasting supersites (primary forest and urban forest) with a 30-m and 20-m flux towers, respectively, and a variety of state-of-the-art instruments. Ambient observations and the quantification of BVOC emissions have highlighted the complex interactions between meteorology, atmospheric composition of pollution, biogenic emissions of representative remnants of the Atlantic Forest and anthropogenic emissions
Exploring the impact of ice storm on urban forests and branch fall using mobile LiDAR
No full textInternational audienceIce storms are a major threat to urban trees, often causing severe structural damage and increasing risks to public safety, power lines and property. However, large-scale and quantitative analysis of branch-level failure factors is lacking. This study aims to bridge this gap by proposing a novel methodology to automatically identify and analyze broken branches following a major ice storm. We utilized Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) data acquired before and after the April 2023 ice storm in the Town of Mount Royal, on the island of Montréal, Québec. Our proposed voxel-based change detection method identified branches present before the storm but absent after. We then generated over 1200 individual tree 3D structural reconstructions using Quantitative Structure Models (QSMs) to extract detailed metrics (including cumulated length, total surface area, angle, attachment radius and distance from attachment to center-of-mass) for both intact and fallen branches. The proposed methodology showcase that fallen branches exhibit significantly greater cumulative length and total surface area than intact branches (high ratio of mean values and p-value < 10−5), while other metrics do not show sstatistical separation. The proposed MLS-QSM workflow demonstrates promising results for large-scale, automated urban tree risk assessment, building on initial insights into storm-related failure factors. However, further validation is required to refine predictive capabilities. This study lays the groundwork for future research aimed at improving preventive pruning strategies and mitigating storm-related hazards in urban forests
Characterizing the magnetic signal generated in the magnetosphere from 1996 to 2024 using ground geomagnetic data
No full textInternational audienceThe geomagnetic field, as observed at the Earth’s surface or LEO satellite altitudes (between 300 km and 800 km), is the combination of signals generated by various internal and external sources. The internal sources are mainly associated with the liquid outer core flow, magnetized rocks in the lithosphere and induced electric currents in the crust and mantle. External sources are electric currents flowing in the ionosphere and magnetosphere. We focus on the contributions from the magnetospheric fields and describe a modeling approach in Spherical Harmonics (SH) based on magnetic observatory vector field measurements. The aim of this study is to model the magnetospheric field contributions observed during geomagnetically quiet time up to SH degree 6, with a 1-h temporal resolution for the period covering years 1996.0–2024.8. The adopted modeling approach is based on the Kalman filter and the correlation-based technique, which leads to series of hourly snapshot models together with robust error estimates. The series of models in time compare well with the global magnetospheric Ring Current index (RC). We observed and described various magnetospheric field structures, including local time asymmetries and contributions from ring and magnetotail currents. We also examined annual, semi-annual, monthly and daily variations in magnetospheric field Gauss coefficients in the Fourier domain
Estimating the upper depth of subsurface water on the Greenland Ice Sheet using multi-frequency passive microwave remote sensing, radiative transfer modeling, and machine learning
No full textInternational audienceAs the Arctic warms, surface melt extends into the Greenland Ice Sheet's accumulation zone, where much of the water infiltrates into the snowpack. This makes monitoring the subsurface water depth and spatial extent important for accurate ice sheet runoff estimations. Subsurface water can be detected using remotely sensed microwave brightness temperatures (TB). We use vertically polarized TB at 1.4 GHz from Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity satellite (SMOS) and at 6.9, 10.7, and 18.7 GHz from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometers (AMSR-E/2) to estimate the upper depth of liquid water (UDLW) on the ice sheet accumulation area. We build a catalogue of simulated UDLW and TB: realistic UDLW are modeled by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) snow model, forced by the Copernicus Arctic Regional Reanalysis (CARRA), and the corresponding TB are calculated by the Snow Microwave Radiative Transfer (SMRT) model at 19 sites. We train on this catalogue an ensemble of cross-validated Random Forest (RF) models to predict UDLW and its uncertainty from TB at four frequencies. On hold-out modeled data and for water within 5 m of the surface, the RF ensemble achieves a median RMSE of 0.68 m and mean error of −0.09 m. Our retrieval, when applied to observed TB, matches within 2 m UDLW inferred from subsurface temperature profiles down to 4–6 m depth. Performances decrease beyond 5 m depth and for low liquid water amounts. Our retrieval produces daily UDLW maps over the ice sheet's accumulation area during 2010–2023 which reveal the seasonal evolution of UDLW, deliver the first quantitative estimates of subsurface liquid water depth on the ice sheet and offer new insights into meltwater infiltration and storage processes
Ionomic exploration of the geographical and geological origins of mountain pasture cow milks in the French Massif central
No full textInternational audienceIonomic profiling was used to characterize the multielemental composition of raw cow milk during mountain pasture in the French Massif central, and to assess its potential as an indicator of geographical and geological origin. Eighteen milk samples were analyzed by ICP-MS from farms in three mountain sectors (Sancy, Cantal, Other), located on volcanic and non-volcanic sites. Of the 61 analyzed elements, 32 were consistently quantified, several of them (Pd, Zr and Nb) being reported for the first time in milk. Multivariate statistical analyses permitted to differentiate geographical provenances and geological conditions based on specific sets of elements. Pearson correlations analyses revealed geology-driven soil-to-milk transfer processes, exemplified by the element pairs -(Rb,Te) and (Sr,Pd), underscoring the influence of terroir on milk composition. Further research should focus on the soil-plant-milk continuum to better understand these geochemical pathways and to support the concept of milk terroir for the PDO cheese sector
First and disturbing records of the bivalve molluscs Potamocorbula amurensis (Schrenck, 1861) and Mulinia lateralis (Say, 1822) in the Bay of Biscay (France)
No full textInternational audienceThe bivalve mollusc Potamocorbula amurensis, a Corbulidae from the Asian coasts, was recorded for the first time in France in September 2023 in the Gironde estuary, and subsequently in September 2024 in Aiguillon Cove and Aytré Bay. In Aytré Bay, it was accompanied by another non-native bivalve not previously reported from French coasts, Mulinia lateralis, a Mactridae from the western Atlantic coasts. These two species were first recorded in Europe in 2018 in the Westerschelde (Netherlands, Belgium) and are known to be potentially highly invasive. Particular attention should be paid to monitor the spread and the establishment of these two euryoecious species along European coasts.</div
Which signal(s) can we retrieve from a phylogenomic analysis of a plant syngameon
No full textInternational audienceA syngameon is a multispecies interbreeding network —that is, a group of otherwise distinct species linked by limited gene exchange. Although the term was coined a century ago, the value of this framework in understanding the diversity of organisms, such as oaks, pines, and eucalyptus, has only recently been recognized.Armeria (Plumbaginaceae) is a diploid plant genus of mostly Mediterranean perennial herbs, and is a syngameon based on abundant independent evidence. It ranks third among genera with the most endemic species in the Iberian Peninsula.To build an evolutionary framework for Armeria, which remained elusive using Sanger sequencing technology-based analyses, we have initiated a project in which we will use a targeted high-throughput sequencing approach with a custom-designed bait kit, combined with genome skimming (HybSeq). Due to the interbreeding nature of this network, a relevant question is which signals —taxonomic, geographic, or mixed— we will be able to recover, and in which regions and lineages. We hypothesize that a geographic signal will be strong in highly diverse regions, such as the Iberian Peninsula. We anticipate a contrasting scenario for the distinct A. maritima group, which spans the largest range across several continents but co-occurs with few or no other congeners. Phylogenomic analysis of the entire genus will be complemented by phylogeographic approaches for two groups: the A. maritima group and the A. villosa group. The latter consists of a species that underwent adaptive introgression from several congeners in different parts of its range, resembling the relative old compilospecies concept