Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease: An Overview of the Clinical Approach to Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment
No full textThe systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), commonly known as Lupus, is a rare and complex multisystem autoimmune disease where one’s immune system is overactive, and the body attacks its organ systems. SLE is a historically old disease described already in antiquity; it is an example of a chronic disease with physical, psychological, financial, and social implications for individuals diagnosed. It has inspired medical and basic biological scientists that focus on molecular biology, basic immunology, immunopathology, clinical science, genetics, and epidemiology. The syndrome is real in its existence-although hidden behind obstacles, cumbersome for patients and clinicians, and rebellious for scientists. There is currently no cure for SLE. The goal of treatment is to ease symptoms. This article will review information on the general approach to SLE therapy, focusing on currently approved therapies and novel approaches that might be used in the future
Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activity of Melothria scabra Naudin Fruits
No full textThe fruit of Melothria scabra Naudin is traditionally used by natives of South East Sulawesi and has economic values in the local markets. Nonetheless, little scientific information was gained from this plant to support its development for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical aspects. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemicals contained in the ethanol extract and organic fractions (methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane) of the fruits using specific reagents and an LC-MS/MS analysis, as well as to evaluate their total phenolics, total flavonoids, and DPPH radical scavenging activity using a dot-blot staining and spectrophotometric assays. Results showed that the fruits of M. scabra contained alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and saponins. Six compounds were successfully identified from the ethanol extract of the fruits for the first time that is D-1-[(3-carboxypropyl)amino]-1-deoxyfructose (1), fructose-C3H5NO (2), valine (3), 1β, 3α, 9β-trihydroxyeudesma-5,11(13)-dien-12-oic acid (4), Cucurbitacin B-2-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), and 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4(H)-quinolone (6). Total phenolics in the extract and organic fractions were in the range of 54.2 ± 2.4 to 259.1 ± 8.4 mg GAE/g, while total flavonoids were in the range of 1.6 ± 0.2 to 22.4 ± 0.2 mg QE/g. The ethanol extract and its organic fractions (methanol and ethyl acetate) were potent radical scavengers with SC50 values ranging from 20.7 to 37.5 µg/mL when compared with ascorbic acid, gallic acid, and quercetin (SC50 of 2.8 to 9.4 µg/mL). This study concludes that M. scabra fruits could be developed as a source of natural antioxidant agents for nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals purposes
Formulation, Organoleptic Evaluation, and Acceptability of Various Teas from Underutilized Nutritious Herbs Compared with Marketed Chinese and Yellow Lipton Tea
No full textHerbal teas are nutrient, antioxidant, and hydration-rich brews made from herbs and spices and taken for various purposes. The objective of this study was to formulate tea from clove (Syzygium aromaticum), leaves of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), guava (Psidium guajava), and moringa (Moringa oleifera), as well as compared with Chinese and yellow Lipton Tea. The samples were analyzed for comparative sensory analysis using the 7 points hedonic scale. The sensory evaluation result demonstrated that the color of the clove tea sample (5.87) was most acceptable by participants, while the lemongrass tea (4.46) sample was least acceptable amongst all the tea samples. The clove remained the most accepted tea for aroma (6.07), taste (5.92), texture (5.76), general appearance (5.74), and general acceptability (5.93), in 7 points hedonic scale. However, all tea samples were had significant acceptable scores above average (p <0.05). Owing to the above results, these herbs can be successfully used to produce tea of relatively good quality to encourage herbs' local consumption and stay healthy
Cover, Content, and Editorial Note from Borneo J Pharm Vol. 4 No. 1 February 2021
No full textAlhamdulillahirabbil ‘Alamin. The next edition of the Borneo Journal of Pharmacy (Borneo J Pharm), has been published in February 2021. Starting from this edition, Borneo J Pharm increases the frequency of publishing four times a year. This change aims to improve the circulation of the best articles published by Borneo J Pharm. Also, starting from this edition, Borneo J Pharm applying the publish-as-you-go issue to present the title of the article that has been received as early as possible in order to increase the chances of readability and quotation of articles in Borneo J Pharm.
This edition includes writings from four countries including Indonesia, India, Malaysia, and Nigeria. The authors come from several institutions, including Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Sarawak, Politeknik Bina Husada Kendari, Universitas Halu Oleo, Akademi Farmasi Surabaya, Universitas Hang Tuah, Universitas Mandala Waluya, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Universitas Abdurrab, Federal University of Technology Minna, Humera Khan College of Pharmacy, University of Abuja, and Universitas Ahmad Dahlan.
Editorial boards are fully aware that there is still room for improvement in this edition, hence with all humility willing to accept constructive suggestions and feedback for improvements to the publication for the next editions. The editorial board would like to thank all editors and reviewers, and contributors of the scientific articles who have provided the repertoire in this issue. We hope that all parties, especially the contributors of the articles, could re-participate for publication in the next edition in May 2021
Formulation and Evaluation of Solid Dispersion Chitosan Tablet from Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Using PVP K-30 As a Carriers
No full textWhiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) on the market are processed or sold only to take part in the meat. The head, shell, and tail are thrown away without any prior processing. Underutilized waste causes environmental problems. An alternative to overcome this environmental disturbance phenomenon is to utilize shrimp shells containing chitin and subsequently transformed into chitosan that can be applied in various fields. Chitosan has poor solubility in water but high permeability; thus, improve bioavailability is accomplished by making solid dispersions. This study aims to formulate and evaluate the solid dispersion tablet using chitosan extract from L. vannamei as an active agent with PVP K-30 as a carrier. The formulation divided into three groups, that was F1 (chitosan : PVP K-30 = 1 : 1 solid dispersion), F2 (chitosan : PVP K-30 = 1 : 3 solid dispersion), and F3 (pure chitosan). The result of chitosan solid dispersion was molded into tablets by the direct compression method. The tablets were evaluated by weight and size uniformity, hardness, friability, and disintegration time. All the formulas by weight and size uniformity as well as disintegration time fulfill the requirements. The hardness of the tablets from F3 with 4,275 kg was the best from F1 and F2. By statistic analytical from weight uniformity, hardness and disintegration time give significant difference with sig. <0.05
Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, Antioxidant, and Toxicity Test with BSLT of Meistera chinensis Fruit Fraction from Southeast Sulawesi
No full textZingiberaceae have a large number of species and still need research to reveal their chemical content. Meistera chinensis is one of the new generations of the Zingiberaceae family, a local and widespread plant in Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. Empirically, M. chinensis is used as a flavor enhancer in food, aches, and increases body immunity. There are no reports of chemical content or its biological activity. In this study, the fruit of M. chinensis was tested for phytochemicals, antioxidants using the ABTS test, total phenolic, total flavonoid content, and toxicity test with a lethal test for brine shrimp (BSLT). Meistera chinensis was extracted with ethanol and fractionated by ethyl acetate solvent using vacuum liquid chromatography. Phytochemical screening was carried out qualitatively by using the calorimetric method. The fraction toxicity was monitored by BSLT. These fractions for the ABTS method obtained fractions 1-8 (F1-F8) and ascorbic acid were used as controls. The results showed radical scavenging activities fraction of M. chinensis fruit was a very strong activity with IC50 of 42.7±3.53 mg/L (F8). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 30.72±1.07 mgGAE/g and 8.02±0.48 mgQE/g, respectively. The phytochemical evaluation contains terpenoids, saponins, phenolics, steroids, alkaloids, and flavonoids. The BSLT toxicity test was found to be very toxic, with an IC50 of 5.2±0.72 mg/L. These findings indicate that the fruit of M. chinensis acts as an antioxidant and toxicity agent
Use of Direct PCR Technique Without DNA Extraction in Confirmation Test for Salmonella typhimurium Bacteria on Meatball Samples
No full textThe use of direct PCR technique without DNA extraction in the confirmation test for Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 bacteria on meatball samples was carried out in the Food and Drug molecular biology testing laboratory Administration in Gorontalo. The basis of this research is to have an impact on economic value in carrying out the confirmation test for S. typhimurium ATCC 14028, where testing is carried out conventionally, namely DNA extraction, which requires a large amount of money. Hence, it is necessary to innovate to modify the testing phase so that it is more effective and efficient. The purpose of this study was to see whether the direct PCR technique without DNA extraction can be done for the confirmation test of S. typhimurium ATCC 14028 on meatball samples. This study's sample consisted of 20 types of meatball samples spiked with S. typhimurium ATCC 14028 cultures. The method used in this study was qPCR analysis using the SYBR Green method. Data analysis was carried out based on 2 main criteria: (1) Ct analysis and (2) Tm analysis. Real-time PCR analysis results obtained Ct values in the range 14.14 - 15.20 with an average of 14.82 and Tm values 85.20 - 86.30 with an average of 85.79. Based on these data, it can be concluded that using direct PCR can be used for testing confirmation of S. typhimurium ATCC 14028 on meatball samples
Pharmacological screening of Eryngium foetidum Linn – A Review
No full textEryngium foetidum L. (Family Apiaceae) is a biennial herb, and it is used as a culinary herb and spice across the different countries of the world, including Sri Lanka, India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Singapore, etc. due to its high aroma quality. Also, it is used to treat several ailments, such as respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal ailments, and skin diseases among different indigenous populations for its medicinal properties. Based on ethnomedical evidence, many studies have been conducted to identify the phytoconstituents, underlying mechanisms, and related pharmacological effects of different parts of this plant. This study reviewed the current state of findings related to the Pharmacological activities of E. foetidum. Based on this review, this plant is widely used for ethnomedical and culinary purposes. Pharmacological screening of the plant revealed that it had different activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anthelminthic, anticonvulsant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimalarial, larvicidal, and hepatoprotective activities. This review further promised that potential new chemical entities could be elicited from the phytoconstituents of E. foetidum
Immunity-Boosting Natural Herbs to Combat COVID-19 Pandemic: A Narrative Review
No full textCoronaviruses cause some severe forms of respiratory infections such as Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). These viruses cause diarrhea in pigs and cows and upper respiratory disease in chickens, while other symptoms may differ. In humans, a total of six coronaviruses have been identified HCoVs-NL63, HCoVs-OC43, HCoVs-229E, HCoVs-HKU1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV. The world health organization (WHO) has done a great deal of hard work regarding combating the monstrous effects of this virus. So far, no specific antiviral drugs have been developed for the treatment of Covid-19. Therefore, the medicinal plants used for the previous epidemic outbreaks are getting attention for their potential treatment against the virus. It has been reported that 70 to 80% of people in developing countries depend on medicinal plants or phytomedicine compared to allopathic drugs for their primary healthcare. The south Asian subcontinents have used almost up to 25,000 formulations and extracts obtained from medicinal plants for treatment in folk medicine. The present review discusses an overview of the coronavirus, its immune responses, and some immunity-boosting herbs to combat Covid-19
Compressional Physics of Binary Mixture of Dried Andrographis paniculata and Moringa oleifera Leaves
No full textTraditionally, the leafy part of Andrographis paniculata and Moringa oleifera have been widely reported to manage hypertension. Investigation of its pharmacological actions justifies its use. As part of formulation studies to standardize them, this study focused on their compaction and compression properties. Compacts equivalent to 250 mg of A. paniculata and M. oleifera were produced by compressing powders and granules at various compression pressure. Results show that M. oleifera met the WHO limit for ash values. Relative density values for granulated batches were higher, while their moisture content values were lower when compared to those of direct compression. The result from Heckel plots shows that batches deform mainly by plastic flow. For Kawakita plots, values of 1/b show that batches containing microcrystalline cellulose were less cohesive. The plot of tensile strength signifies that granulated batches achieved maximum crushing strength faster at low pressure. Formulations containing maize starch were shown to have higher percent porosity, and granulated batches gave higher values for apparent density-pressure relationship and lower friability values. Tablets produced by the wet granulation method showed better compression and compaction properties than those formulated by direct compression