Borneo Journal of Pharmacy
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Taro (Colosia esculenta) Leaves Extract Inhibits Streptococcus mutans ATCC 31987
No full textDental caries was the most common disease in both adults and children. Streptococcus mutans is the main bacteria causing plaque formation and was the initiator of dental caries. Antibacterials derived from plants can be used to prevent plaque formation. Taro (Colosia esculenta) has been used in traditional medicine. Antibacterial compounds have been discovered in C. esculenta leaves. This study aimed to determine the ability of C. esculenta leaf ethanol extract to inhibit the growth of S. mutans ATCC 31987. Simplicia preparation, extract preparation, and phytochemical screening was carried out. Then, the antibacterial activity test was performed using the disc diffusion method to determine the zone of inhibition at various concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70%. Colosia esculenta leaf ethanol extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, and produces an inhibition zone at each concentration variation. Very strong antibacterial activity was produced at a concentration of 70% at 21.11±0.46 mm, which was higher than the positive control
A Review of Anti-hyperglycemic Effects of Curry Leaf Tree (Murraya koenigii)
No full textDiabetes mellitus is becoming a metabolic disease that is defined by the level of hyperglycemia. Nowadays, it has a serious threat to public healthiness in throughout the world. Constituents and extracts isolated from diverse natural resources, mainly plants, have constantly been a rich store for controlling and treating diabetes problems. Numerous researches are ongoing to identify the suitable traditional medical drugs, medicinal herbs, and resources for managing this condition. Murraya koenigii Spreng (family Rutaceae) is commonly known as a ‘curry leaf tree’ locally. It is widely scattered in India and Sri Lanka, and leaves are commonly used for cooking. And also mainly used for various health conditions such as diabetes, anemia, diarrhea, and others. The present review aimed to critically review the anti-hyperglycemic effect of the M. koenigii based on the review, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. Based on this review, the M. koenigii possess flavonoids, phenols, saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and cardiac glycosides. It has shown a potential anti-hyperglycemic effect on induced diabetic rats. This review reported the potential of M. koenigii and its extract to be a high-value dietary product in terms of its anti-hyperglycemic effects and industrial profits. Therefore, the present review supports the researchers and readers/users to realize the importance of using M. koenigii in managing diabetes mellitus. Further, this review provides a valuable document for future scientific-related clinical trials in diabetic patients
Isolation of Endophytic Fungus from Leaves of Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr and Antibacterial Activity Against Propionibacterium acnes and Escherichia coli
No full textUncaria cordata (Lour). Merr (akar kaik-kaik) is one of the medicinal plants used as antibacterial because it contains bioactive compounds that can inhibit the growth of microorganisms. The plant is one of the sources of endophyte fungal isolates that can be developed as an alternative to producing antibacterial compounds. This research aimed to isolate the endophytic fungus from the leaves of U. cordata and know the antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Escherichia coli by disc diffusion. The Fungi that were isolated from the leaves of U. cordata were 17 isolates. The isolates were continued for antibacterial activity testing: IFED 1 (Nigrospora sp.), IFED 2 (Aspergillus sp.), IFED 3 (Fusarium sp.), and IFED 4, whose genus was unknown. The results obtained were fungal isolates IFED 1 to IFED 4 had activity in inhibiting the growth of P. acnes with moderate category (18.16 mm) and weak categories (6.21, 6.16, and 6.68 mm) and in E. coli with moderate category (14.56 mm) and weak categories (6.53, 6.71, and 7.23 mm). The results of One-Way ANOVA and Tukey's test showed a significant difference (p <0.05) between the diameter of the inhibition zone with the type of endophytic fungus supernatant isolated from the leaves of U. cordata. The best isolate of endophytic fungi inhibiting P. acnes and E. coli bacteria was IFED 1 (Nigrospora sp)
Comparison of Pain Scale, Hemodynamics, and Side Effects of Percutaneous and Intravenous Fentanyl in Post Sectio Caesaria Patients at Bunda Hospital
No full textThis is novel research about comparison pain scale, hemodynamics, and side effects of percutaneous and intravenous fentanyl in post sectio cesarean patients. Sectio cesarean is a method of delivering a fetus through an incision in the abdominal wall (laparotomy) and the uterus wall. This method induces pain in the incision, so patients feel complicated or afraid to mobilize. Fentanyl is one of the opioid analgesics, which is the main choice in section caesarian surgery because safe for breastfeeding, is more potent than morphine, and acts as balanced anesthesia—comparing the use of percutaneous fentanyl with intravenous fentanyl with pain scale parameters, hemodynamics, and side effects in sectio caesarian patients at Bunda Mother and Child Hospital Jakarta. Before conducting this research, an observational study first makes an ethical approval. Data were taken prospectively and collected simultaneously to compare percutaneous and intravenous fentanyl performed on post sectio cesarean patients with the physical status of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I–II at Bunda Mother and Child Hospital Jakarta from September to November 2020. Comparative data observed were pain scale parameters, hemodynamics, and side effects after percutaneous fentanyl therapy or intravenous fentanyl therapy. Data were processed using SPSS 22 version and Microsoft Excell 2016. In conclusion, intravenous fentanyl is more effective in reducing pain scale and has more minor side effects than percutaneous fentanyl. There is no significant difference in hemodynamic parameters (p-value >0.05)
Anti-inflammatory Activity of Water Extract of Luvunga sarmentosa (BI.) Kurz Stem in the Animal Models
No full textThe study was aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of water extract of the Luvunga sarmentosa stem in an animal model. Twenty-five Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n=5). Group 1 was administered 0.9% normal saline (negative control), group 2 was administered 150 mg/kg diclofenac sodium (positive control), and groups 3 to 5 were administered 50, 300, and 550 mg/kg BW of L. sarmentosa extract, respectively. Carrageenan was injected subcutaneously into each rat's subplantar region of the left hind paw. The paw volume was measured using a plethysmometer. The results showed that the water extract of L. sarmentosa stem (doses of 50, 300, and 550 mg/kg BW) significantly reduced the paw edema volume from the 4th to 5th hour compared to the negative control. The percent inhibition of edema at the 5th hour is 47.45; 46.95; 50.39%. The first phase of the edema (1st and 2nd hour) was not affected by the extract. Meanwhile, diclofenac sodium decreased paw edema volume from the 1st to 5th hour with a percent inhibition of 95.90% at the 5th hour. The histopathology result is relevant to the percentage inhibition of edema. Treatment with L. sarmentosa extract showed slight improvement, destruction of epidermal tissue, hyperkeratotic skin, and subepidermal edema. Meanwhile, positive control showed no inflammatory signs with normal keratin, subepidermal, and subcutaneous layers. The water extract of L. sarmentosa stem has anti-inflammatory activity. This extract effectively reduces the paw edema volume in the late phase with decreased neutrophil infiltration
Tyrosinase Inhibition Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Melaleuca leucadendron L. Leaves
No full textMelaleuca leucadendron L. is a plant whose almost all parts (bark, leaves, twigs, and fruit) can be used as medicine, such as antioxidants, antifungals, sedative effects, and anti-hyaluronidase. This research was conducted to determine tyrosinase inhibition activity and compound content of M. leucadendron leaves. Maceration of M. leucadendron leaves was done in methanol, then carried out liquid-liquid fractionation with n-butanol, chloroform, and water. Methanol extract, butanol fraction, chloroform fraction, and water fraction were tested for phytochemical screening and tyrosinase inhibition using L-DOPA substrate with an ELISA plate well reader. The results of the tyrosinase inhibition activity test at concentrations of 100, 1000 and 10000 μg/mL respectively showed that methanol extract 29.532%, 55.227%, 89.583%; butanol fraction 29.313%, 59.174%, 94.737%, chloroform fraction 21.820%, 24.671%; 53.765%; water fraction 24,086%, 47.661%, 91.118%. Inhibition of the tyrosinase enzyme is shown through the IC50 value from methanol extract, butanol fraction and water fraction, and kojic acid as a positive control, respectively 645.438 μg/mL, 517.935 μg/mL, 669.403 μg/mL, 50.064 μg/mL. Phytochemical screening showed that the extract and fraction contained tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenes, and steroids. These results indicate that the butanol fraction is more potent as an anti-tyrosinase agent than the others
Antiproliferative Potency of God’s Crown Fruit (Phaleria macrocarpa) Extract Against Breast Cancer Cell
No full textBreast cancer is a sickness caused by abnormal cell growth in the breast. Mahkota Dewa fruit or god’s crown fruit products (Phaleria macrocarpa) contain flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and tannins associated with active compounds. This work directs to influence the potency of P. macrocarpa fruit as an antiproliferative agent against breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cells). The antiproliferative potency of P. macrocarpa fruit was proved by extracting and fractionating P. macrocarpa fruit using maceration. The cytotoxicity of extracts and fractions was determined using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The antiproliferative potency against MCF-7 cells was tested using the hemacytometer approach. This work demonstrates the crude ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and water fraction. The LC50 values in crude ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and water fraction were 13.72 ppm, 147.55 ppm, 405.81 ppm, and 149. 07 ppm severally. Phaleria macrocarpa fruit has shown antiproliferation potency against MCF-7 cells. The maximum part of crude ethanol extract antiproliferative potency (56 ppm) effectively suppressed MCF-7 cell growth by 70. 9% while doxorubicin (100 ppm) by 46. 92%. This work confirms that crude ethanol extract of P. macrocarpa fruit interacts synergistically as an antiproliferative compound against MCF-7 cells
Antibacterial Activity and TLC-Densitometric Analysis of Secondary Metabolites in the Leaves of the Traditional Herb, Melastoma malabathricum L.
No full textIndonesia is rich in the biodiversity of medicinal plants used traditionally for healing several ailments. Melastoma malabathricum L. is one of the traditional herbs used to treat many diseases. A TLC-densitometric method was developed for determining secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds and their related compounds, M. malabathricum leaves from Riau, Indonesia. This study investigated the secondary metabolites of M. malabathricum extract by spraying reagent: FeCl3, p-anisaldehyde, and cerium (IV) sulfate and followed by antibacterial assay through broth macro dilution method. Densitometric qualitative analysis of phenolic compounds and their related compounds was employed to examine peaks of the M. malabathricum extract through winCATS software. After spraying with particular reagents, the three extracts showed various spots/bands with several colors and exhibited peaks in TLC densitogram profiles. Three extracts were tested for antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The result showed that ethyl acetate extract revealed excellent antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli with MIC values of 3.125±0.6 mg/mL and 6.25±0.5 mg/mL, respectively. Owing to the presence of a wide variety of secondary metabolites, the leaf extract of M. malabathricum is expected to exhibit and help develop as a therapeutic agent
Free Radical Scavenging and Analgesic Activities of 70% Ethanol Extract of Luvunga sarmentosa (BI.) Kurz from Central Kalimantan
No full textLuvunga sarmentosa, commonly known as saluang belum, is widely used in Kalimantan to relieve pains, rheumatism, boost the immune system, and fever. The research on the free radical scavenging and analgesic effect of the L. sarmentosa stem extract has not been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the free radical scavenging and analgesic activity of the ethanol extract of L. sarmentosa. The L. sarmentosa stem was extracted using 70% ethanol and tested for free radical scavenging using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and analgesic activity, acetic acid-induced writhing test, and hot plate test in an animal model. The results showed that the 70% ethanol extract of the L. sarmentosa had an anti-free radical scavenging and analgesic activity. The extract has weak free radical scavenging with an IC50 value of 293.45 µg/mL. Analgesic activity using the writhing test indicated that the extract significantly reduced the writhes count after oral administration in a dose-dependent manner compared to the negative control. Extract at a dose of 550 mg/kg BW can reduce the writhing test by 67.60% compared to others. In contrast, the diclofenac sodium reduced the number of writhes by 74.74%. While in a hot plate, the extract at a dose of 550 mg/kg BW produced a maximum possible analgesia (MPA) of 17.64%, lower than the MPA of diclofenac sodium (51.01%). Analgesic activity of the extract has higher inhibition on the writhing test than on the hot plate. The extract could be responsible for the peripheral mechanism by inhibiting the prostaglandin biosynthesis
Comparative Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemical Evaluation of Selected Leaves of Medicinal Plants in Jaffna, Sri Lanka
No full textThe traditional system of medicine in Sri Lanka has shown much better improvement, has fewer side effects, and is less expensive than modern synthetic drugs in the treatment of many diseases. The objective of the present study was to comparatively evaluate the qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemical constituents of leaves of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng., Tinospora cordifolia (Wild) Hook.f., Enicostemma axillare (Lam) A. Raynal, and Gymnema sylvestre R. Br. were collected from Jaffna District. The shade-dried leaves were powdered and extracted with ethanol using the cold extraction technique. These ethanolic extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis using recommended laboratory techniques. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's multiple comparisons at probability value (p <0.05) were used in the statistical analysis of the data. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, phenols, and glycosides. Murraya koenigii shows the highest phenol and alkaloid contents (1960.71±66.88 and 19.42±0.26). Enicostemma axillare shows the highest flavonoid and tannin contents (22.27±0.86 and 1.26±0.017). Therefore, E. axillare and M. koenigii can be used as nutraceuticals in traditional medicine