Oskar Bordeaux
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No full textLes statistiques sont partie intégrante du raisonnement archéologique, pour structurer des ensembles d’information archéologique, pour établir des ordres de grandeur ou encore mettre en relation différents processus afin de proposer des interprétations de phénomènes passés. Dans la pratique, l’approche statistique engage, de manière sous-jacente, des concepts archéologiques liés au questionnement, repose sur l’identification d’éléments empiriques correspondants, utilise des méthodes statistiques pour l’analyse. C’est donc un dialogue entre archéologie et statistiques auquel nous sommes conviés, qui ne peut pas être réduit à sa simple expression technique.Face à un enjeu de sensibilisation et de transmission des connaissances des pratiques statistiques pour l’archéologie, cet ouvrage offre une approche didactique interdisciplinaire accessible aux non-spécialistes. Réciproquement, il permettra aux statisticiens d’appréhender la manière dont les archéologues transcrivent une problématique plus ou moins complexe en un schéma d’analyse statistique. Dans une première partie, nous partons des questions que se posent les archéologues lorsqu’il s’agit de reconstituer des chronologies, de comprendre les dynamiques spatiales, de lire des informations anthropologiques. Des exemples d’études sont présentés sous l’angle de trois dimensions articulées autour des questions « Quand ? », « Où ? », « Qui/Quoi ? ». Dans une deuxième partie, nous invitons le lecteur à approcher les méthodes statistiques, des plus simples aux plus élaborées. En réunissant les contributions de spécialistes de la chronologie, de la culture matérielle, de la géographie du passé, de l’anthropologie biologique, de la paléontologie et de la statistique, cet ouvrage propose un panorama non exhaustif d’études de cas qui, à travers la diversité des objets empiriques et des approches statistiques mobilisés, éprouvent les méthodes et les conditions d’application des outils non sans aborder apports et limites interprétatifs.Cet ouvrage s’adresse aux apprenants comme aux praticiens, étudiants et scientifiques intéressés par la mobilisation de méthodes statistiques pour répondre à des problématiques archéologiques. Il a pour ambition de décloisonner les approches en offrant à chacun des pistes de réflexion quel que soit le niveau de lecture
Open Forum Infect Dis
No full textGlobal changes have profoundly altered the interactions between pathogens and their hosts, accelerating the emergence of infectious diseases. Monitoring vector-borne infectious diseases is therefore challenging and requires an upgrading of the detection system relying mainly nowadays on passive surveillance and reactive measures when a human case is diagnosed. West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus are 2 zoonotic orthoflaviviruses, maintained between bird populations and mosquitoes, threatening public and veterinary health in Europe. In 2022, WNV unexpectedly emerged on the Atlantic coast of France in equids. Following this emergence, a consortium of national and local actors from the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region conducted crucial operational research, integrating environmental and animal data to make timely evidence-based and territorialized decisions to better assess the risk to human health. The proposal outlines the creation of a novel collaborative effort uniting experts from veterinary, human, and environmental health, as well as policy-makers. This partnership aims to establish a sustainable framework to address persistent knowledge gaps in our comprehension of arboviral disease emergence. By integrating diverse scientific disciplines with institutional decision-making processes, the initiative seeks to enhance our understanding of the complex factors contributing to the emergence and spread of arboviral diseases
J Public Health Afr
Full text linkDiethylene glycol (DEG) and ethylene glycol (EG) are organic compounds often found in various consumer products, including antifreeze and industrial solvents used in pharmaceutical preparations, as well as serving as raw materials for polymer manufacturing. Since September 2022, seven consecutive episodes of DEG and EG contamination have been reported across at least nine countries. A notable commonality among the affected products is that at least 14 of them are fixed-dose combinations (FDCs). However, the evidence supporting the efficacy of most of these combinations is insufficient, which renders their prescription, dispensing, and use irrational. Moreover, these products are not without risk, as they can cause adverse reactions. Several factors contribute to the prevalence of these irrational FDCs, including low production costs, consumer popularity, and a tendency to authorise locally manufactured products. As a result, many countries' pharmaceutical markets keep marketing authorisation for irrational FDCs. The persistent reports of DEG or EG contamination-especially those involving irrational fixed-dose combinations-present a crucial opportunity to enhance quality control measures. In addition, it is imperative to reevaluate the marketing authorisations of these products that lack evidence of safety and efficacy, adapting the national medicines lists and clinical guidelines to WHO recommendations. Strengthening regulatory frameworks and implementing stringent manufacturing and quality assurance standards are essential to prevent contamination incidents and ensure the safety of pharmaceutical products
BMJ Open
Full text linkINTRODUCTION: Statins are among the most widely used drugs. While they are effective for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular (CV) disease in middle-aged subjects, their benefits for prevention in older adults (aged ≥70 years) without CV disease are uncertain, particularly for those with multimorbidity. Statin side effects and drug interactions are common in older patients and may negatively impact quality of life. To date, the only randomised controlled trial (RCT) investigating statin discontinuation in older adults has demonstrated no difference in survival but did note a small improvement in quality of life for those who discontinued statins. However, this trial exclusively enrolled patients with a life expectancy <1 year. Therefore, the present RCT aims to assess the safety and potential benefits of statin discontinuation in primary prevention for the ever-growing population of multimorbid older adults. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study is a multicentre, randomised, non-inferiority trial conducted in both inpatient and outpatient settings in Switzerland, France and the Netherlands, targeting patients using statins for primary prevention. 1800 participants are randomly assigned 1:1 to either discontinue (intervention arm) or continue (control arm) statin therapy. The primary objective is to compare the primary composite endpoint of major CV events (non-fatal myocardial infarction or non-fatal ischaemic stroke) and all-cause death between the control and intervention groups over a follow-up duration of up to 48 months. We hypothesise that discontinuing statins does not result in shorter event-free survival, with a non-inferiority margin set at 5.2 weeks over a 2-year observation period. Secondary objectives are to compare patient-centred outcomes (health-related quality of life, muscle pain symptoms, falls and sarcopenia) and all-cause death, non-CV death, major CV events and coronary and peripheral artery revascularisation. The study is open-labelled, with blinded outcome adjudication of the primary endpoints. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The trial protocol has received approval from the local ethics committees in Switzerland, France and the Netherlands. Results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05178420; BASEC (Swiss Ethics Commission): 2021-01513; FOPH (Swiss national portal): SNCTP000005172; Netherlands Trial Register: NL83907.058.23; France Trial Register: 22.04747.000158- IDRCB 2022-A02481-42
Agriculture, aquaculture et pêche : impacts des modes de production labellisés sur la biodiversité. Synthèse du rapport scientifique de l'étude
No full textLa loi Climat et résilience de 2021 a instauré la mise en place d’un affichage environnemental sur les produits alimentaires afin d’informer les consommateurs du coût environnemental de leurs achats. La construction de cet affichage a suscité un important travail méthodologique ouvert aux acteurs. Un bilan intermédiaire a souligné la difficulté à appréhender toutes les dimensions de la biodiversité. C’est dans ce cadre que les ministères en charge de la transition écologique, et de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation, ainsi que l’ADEME, ont sollicité INRAE et l’Ifremer courant 2022 pour mieux documenter ce volet biodiversité, en se focalisant sur les pratiques de production. Afin d’éclairer plus largement les politiques publiques, les pouvoirs publics ont choisi de s’appuyer sur les labels dont les cahiers des charges certifient des pratiques et parce que leur développement les place au cœur de nombreux débats sur les relations entre production et consommation durables. L’étude, intitulée « BiodivLabel », a été menée par un comité pluridisciplinaire d’experts scientifiques issus d’organismes publics de recherche et d’enseignement supérieur
JMIR Med Inform
Full text linkBackground: The volume of digital data in health care is continually growing. In addition to its use in health care, the health data collected can also serve secondary purposes, such as research. In this context, clinical data warehouses (CDWs) provide the infrastructure and organization necessary to enhance the secondary use of health data. Various data models have been proposed for structuring data in a CDW, including the Informatics for Integrating Biology & the Bedside (i2b2) model, which relies on a relational database. However, this persistence approach can lead to performance issues when executing queries on massive data sets. Objective: This study aims to describe the necessary transformations and their implementation to enable i2b2's search engine to perform the phenotyping task using data persistence in a NoSQL Elasticsearch database. Methods: This study compares data persistence in a standard relational database with a NoSQL Elasticsearch database in terms of query response and execution performance (focusing on counting queries based on structured data, numerical data, and free text, including temporal filtering) as well as material resource requirements. Additionally, the data loading and updating processes are described. Results: We propose adaptations to the i2b2 model to accommodate the specific features of Elasticsearch, particularly its inability to performjoins between different indexes. The implementation was tested and evaluated within the CDW of Bordeaux University Hospital, which contains data on 2.5 million patients and over 3 billion observations. Overall, Elasticsearch achieves shorter query execution times compared with a relational database, with particularly significant performance gains for free-text searches. Additionally, compared with an indexed relational database (including a full-text index), Elasticsearch requires less disk space for storage. Conclusions:We demonstratethat implementing i2b2 with Elasticsearch is feasible and significantly improves query performance while reducing disk space usage. This implementation is currently in production at Bordeaux University Hospital
J Prev Alzheimers Dis
No full textBACKGROUND: Identifying individuals at risk for dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the general population (GP) is increasingly essential due to new diagnostic criteria and opportunities for effective interventions. Plasma-based biomarkers (pBB) offer a promising approach for detecting positive amyloid profile. However, their effectiveness in predicting clinical dementia and AD risk at the GP level remains largely unexplored. OBJECTIVES: To assess the risk of clinical dementia and AD using pBB amyloid biomarkers in GP using the most up-to-date proteomic techniques. DESIGN: Case-cohort study randomly selected from a prospective cohort. SETTING: The three-city community-living study. PARTICIPANTS: Over 65 years recruited from the electoral rolls of three French cities. MEASUREMENTS: pBB amyloid levels (Aβ42, Aβ40 and APP669-711) were measured in the plasma using the mass spectrometry-based (IPMS)-Shimadzu modified technology. Patients were monitored for up to 6 years for incident dementia and AD according to DSM-IV and NINCDS/ADRDA criteria. Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for multiple covariables, including age and renal function, were used to estimate hazard ratios. RESULTS: Plasma samples from 327 participants were analyzed with a mean age 83 years (80-87), 64.8 % females and a median follow-up time of 2.7 years (0.8-4.8) and including 121 incident dementia cases. Our findings indicate that the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, along with a composite score that encompasses APP669-711 and Aβ40/Aβ42 ratios, serves as significant predictors of clinical dementia [HR(95 %CI) = 3.52 (1.69-7.32), p-value<0.001 and 4.34 (2.06-9.17), p-value<0.001, respectively] and AD risk over a six-year period, while also accounting for age and sex interactions. Furthermore, elevated Aβ40 levels correlate with an increased risk of developing dementia (HR=2.56, 95 % CI 1.22-5.35, p = 0.01) and AD (HR=2.60, 95 %CI 1.06-6.36, p = 0.04), and our study confirms that Aβ42 concentrations are significantly influenced by renal function. CONCLUSIONS: This research advances the potential application of plasma amyloid biomarkers for assessing the risk of clinical dementia and AD in the general population within short period of time, positioning it as a valuable tool alongside existing plasma PT217 biomarkers or using ratio of both of them
ACS Infect Dis
No full textAdenoviruses are responsible for a range of pathologies, including respiratory infections in children. Although most adenovirus infections are self-resolving, they can cause serious illness, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. There is currently no approved treatment for adenovirus infections. Here, we report on the antiviral activity of LAVR-289, a broad-spectrum acyclonucleoside phosphonate exhibiting potent efficacy against several adenovirus serotypes, comparable to that of brincidofovir. LAVR-289 specifically inhibits viral replication, blocking the formation of viral replication centers and preventing late protein expression without affecting viral entry or delivery of viral genomes to the nucleus. , using immunocompromised Syrian hamsters infected with HAdV-C6, oral administration of LAVR-289 resulted in 100% animal survival. These results suggest that LAVR-289 holds promise as a potential therapy for adenovirus infections paving the way for a future treatment of immunocompromised patients