Oskar Bordeaux
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Agriculture, aquaculture et pêche : impacts des modes de production labellisés sur la biodiversité. Résumé du rapport scientifique de l'étude
No full textLa loi Climat et résilience de 2021 a instauré la mise en place d’un affichage environnemental sur les produits alimentaires afin d’informer les consommateurs du coût environnemental de leurs achats. La construction de cet affichage a suscité un important travail méthodologique ouvert aux acteurs. Un bilan intermédiaire a souligné la difficulté à appréhender toutes les dimensions de la biodiversité. C’est dans ce cadre que les ministères en charge de la transition écologique, et de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation, ainsi que l’ADEME, ont sollicité INRAE et l’Ifremer courant 2022 pour mieux documenter ce volet biodiversité, en se focalisant sur les pratiques de production. Afin d’éclairer plus largement les politiques publiques, les pouvoirs publics ont choisi de s’appuyer sur les labels dont les cahiers des charges certifient des pratiques et parce que leur développement les place au cœur de nombreux débats sur les relations entre production et consommation durables. L’étude, intitulée « BiodivLabel », a été menée par un comité pluridisciplinaire d’experts scientifiques issus d’organismes publics de recherche et d’enseignement supérieur
Supervised laser induced breakdown spectroscopy classification for prehistoric chert provenance: A methodological framework
No full textThe sourcing of lithic artefacts, and in particular chert, is a key proxy for archaeologist to better understand hunter-gatherer populations. The heterogeneous structure of chert samples, low trace element content, and variability of outcrops make the geochemical characterisation a methodological challenge. Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) can overcome the issues of variability by enabling fast and low-cost and nearly non-destructive analysis of samples. This paper presents a protocol for chert sourcing using LIBS, by comparing several supervised classification models and signal pre-processing with two different approaches: a selection of features or the use of broadband spectra, with an example application on marine flysch cherts from the central Pyrenes (France) presenting similar micropaleontological and textural features.Spectroscopy and Geochemistry of chert. Reconstructing human mobility in the Pyrenees from the first Modern Humans to the last Pleistocene hunter-gatherer
Am J Epidemiol
No full textNumerous studies assessing the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against COVID-19 have produced conflicting results, partly due to methodological differences. This study aims to clarify these discrepancies by comparing two frequently used approaches in terms of parameter bias and confidence interval coverage of NPI effectiveness parameters. We compared two-step approaches, where NPI effects are regressed on by-products of a first analysis, such as the effective reproduction number , with more integrated models that jointly estimate NPI effects and transmission rates in a single-step approach. We simulated datasets with mechanistic and an agent-based models and analyzed them with both mechanistic models and a two-step regression procedure. In the latter, was estimated first and then used as the outcome in a linear regression with NPI variables as predictors. Mechanistic models consistently outperformed two-step regressions, exhibiting minimal bias (0-5%) and accurate confidence interval coverage. Conversely, the two-step regression showed bias up to 25%, with significantly lower-than-nominal confidence interval coverage, reflecting challenges in uncertainty propagation. We identified additional challenges in the two-step regression method, such high depletion of susceptibles and time lags in observational data. Our findings suggest caution when using two-step regression methods for estimating NPI effectiveness.University of Bordeaux Graduate School in Digital Public HealthInitiative for the creation of a Vaccine Research Institut
Genomic prediction in Persian walnut: Optimization levers according to genetic architecture of complex traits
No full textPersian walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a widespread cultivated nut tree species in temperate regions. Advances in genomic tools, such as the high-density Axiom J. regia 700K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping array, enable the exploration of genomic prediction (GP) for this crop. This study is the first to evaluate GP accuracy and several influencing factors in walnut for traits related to phenology and nut quality. A core-collection of 170 accessions was phenotyped for 25 traits over 1 or 2 years. Highly heritable traits, such as budbreak date and female flowering date, were predicted with high accuracy (∼0.75) using ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction (rrBLUP). Three key factors influencing GP performance were examined: marker density, prediction model, and training set size. Selecting the top 1% of 364,275 SNPs based on their variance (∼3600 SNPs) was sufficient to achieve accurate predictions. Bayesian models slightly improved prediction accuracy for some traits when using this reduced SNP set, but rrBLUP provided robust results, balancing accuracy, simplicity, and computational efficiency. Training population size also influenced accuracy, with a subset comprising 50% of the population still yielding reliable predictions. Optimization of training set was assessed using coefficient of determination mean, prediction error variance mean, and mean relatedness (MeanRel) parameters, with MeanRel performing best for shell traits. However, incorporating SNPs identified in genome-wide association study into the prediction models did not enhance accuracy. In summary, this study demonstrates the feasibility and potential of GPs for walnut breeding programs using a core-collection, offering valuable insights for optimizing GP approaches in this crop.</div
Age and gender differences in health characteristics of older people with visual impairment
No full textAbstract Background Africa’s population is ageing, with an attendant increase in the number and duration of health problems such as visual impairment (VI). Few data are available from sub-Saharan Africa concerning age and gender differences in this population of people suffering from VI. The aim of this study was to examine age and gender differences in the health characteristics of older people with VI in Cameroon. Methods This was a cross-sectional study carried out in Douala, Cameroon, among people aged 55 and over. Participants had to be free of blindness, neurological disorders or other severe health problems. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected, including VI. We investigated differences between men and women in different age strata (< 65, 65–75, > 75 years) among people with VI. Results Among 403 participants, 356 (88.3%) had VI and, regardless of age group, there were significantly more women, who lived alone, were professionally active, overweight, had frailty syndrome and were less likely to drive a car. For other variables (education, chronic alcoholism, cognitive impairment, basic and instrumental activities of daily living, depression and falls), differences between men and women were only significant in certain age groups, with women generally at higher risk. Conclusion The prevalence of VI is high older (> 55 years) adults in Cameroon, with clear differences between men and women. The oldest individuals, and women appear to be most vulnerable. The identification of at-risk groups/persons through this cross-sectional study should make it possible to adapt public health strategies to contribute to the WHO objective of healthy ageing
BMC Palliat Care
No full textCONTEXT: In the absence of existing recommendations, the objective of this study was to establish a consensus of the support practices used in an interdisciplinary team in a palliative care unit (PCU) for the relatives of patients in the agonal phase. METHOD: This is a consensus study using the Delphi technique. 40 French PCUs participated in this study, including 204 professionals (nurses, nursing assistants, doctors, psychologists, social workers), 42 support volunteers and 32 relatives. These experts responded to a questionnaire comprised of a list drawn up from the results of a preliminary study conducted at Bordeaux University Hospital of 55 practices organised around four topics: providing care and ensuring comfort; communicating, informing and explaining; interacting; and mobilising interdisciplinarity skills. RESULTS: Thirty-five practices were approved by the agreement of professionals, volunteers and relatives. 11 were approved only by professionals/volunteers and 6 only by relatives. Three practices were deemed inappropriate by participants. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight consensual practices of care during agonal phase in specialized palliative care services and the importance of the quality of care given to patients, of counselling, and the attention paid to the relatives themselves. They will guide and enrich training modules for teams working with relatives