Oskar Bordeaux
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BMC Pharmacol Toxicol
No full textINTRODUCTION: Since 2012, DRC adopted WHO recommendations for the malaria treatment with artemisinin-based drugs. Medication errors are defined as "a failure in the treatment process that results in, or has the potential to result in, harm to the patient". Medication errors are a major public health problem and one of the leading causes of death in the United States. The impact of medical errors can have severe consequences on children due to physiological features of children. OBJECTIVES: To identify, describe, and propose actionable strategies to address medication errors during malaria treatment in children with adverse effects in the DRC. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of the ADR reports of children (< 18 years old) in the DRC recorded in VigiBase(®), the WHO pharmacovigilance database, from 2010 to February 2018. Five treatment process criteria (choice of treatment, dosage, duration, timing and route of administration) were selected to identify medication errors. RESULTS: Medication errors accounted for 65,9% of the 851 cases retrieved from VigiBase(®). Children aged 2-11 years represented 55.2% of the study population. The choice of treatment, duration and dosage were the main prescription criteria for deviations. DISCUSSION: The availability of alternative formulations, self-medication and inadequate dosage forms are factors contributing to medication errors. The information available in VigiBase(®) did not allow us to evaluate the overall process of malaria management. Pharmacovigilance must be consolidated to raise awareness among consumers and providers and to ensure more effective monitoring. CONCLUSION: Non-compliance with national guidelines for the management of malaria is important in DRC. Our study amply demonstrates the need to strengthen the four pillars of the WHO's third global challenge, "Medication without harm", to reduce medication errors. This study advocates a significant mobilisation of resources for the training of health professionals and the strengthening of pharmacovigilance. Field studies on the management of malaria in children should be conducted to quantify drug errors
Chronic fluoride poisoning during the Roman period in Cumae (Italy): a diagnostic approach to skeletal fluorosis in cremated human remains
No full textLa fluorose osseuse est une pathologie liée à l’ingestion prolongée de grandes quantités de fluorure, qui entraine notamment une augmentation de la densité des os. Cette maladie sévit souvent à l’état endémique dans certaines zones volcaniques où les eaux souterraines contiennent des doses élevées de fluor. Cette étude vise à proposer une approche multidisciplinaire combinant observations paléopathologiques et analyses archéométriques pour le diagnostic de la fluorose osseuse des restes humains provenant de sépultures secondaires à crémation de la période romaine (IIe siècle av. J.-C. – Ier siècle apr. J.-C.). L’échantillon étudié est composé de 45 individus originaires de la ville de Cumes (Campanie, sud de l’Italie), dans la région volcanique des Champs Phlégréens. Les lésions pathologiques ont été enregistrées selon un protocole d’observations macroscopiques. La détection et les mesures de fluor ont été effectuées par Spectroscopie d’émission atomique de plasma induit par laser (LIBS). Les résultats ont permis de confirmer que les os des habitants de Cumes présentaient des concentrations élevées de fluor et des lésions pathologiques très probablement liés à la fluorose osseuse. 49 % des sujets étudiés a été classé dans les catégories de suspicion modérée à forte de fluorose, indiquant une potentielle intoxication environnementale. Cela est probablement liée au caractère volcanique de la région et à la consommation des eaux souterraines.Skeletal fluorosis is a pathological condition resulting from prolonged ingestion of large quantities of fluoride and causing increased bone formation and density. This disease is often endemic in volcanic areas where groundwater frequently contains high levels of fluoride. This study offers a multidisciplinary approach, combining palaeopathological observations and archaeometric analyses, for the diagnosis of skeletal fluorosis in human remains found in secondary cremation burials dating from the Roman period (2nd century BC – 1st century AD). The study sample is made up of 45 individuals from the ancient city of Cumae (Campania, southern Italy) in the volcanic region of the Phlegraean Fields. Pathological lesions were recorded using a macro-observation protocol. Fluoride detection and measurements were performed using Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The results confirm that the bones of these Cumae inhabitants had high fluoride concentrations and pathological lesions most likely related to bone fluorosis. 49% of the subjects in the study sample were classified into categories of moderate to high suspicion of fluorosis, indicating potential environmental poisoning probably linked to the volcanic nature of the region and the consumption of groundwater
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
No full textBACKGROUND: Depression has been consistently linked to the onset of dementia, but the temporality and nature of this association-whether causal, prodromal or due to shared pathophysiology-remain unresolved. Longitudinal studies with extended follow-up are necessary to clarify these relationships. This study aimed to characterise the trajectory of depressive symptoms during the 15 years preceding a dementia diagnosis, with particular attention to variations by dementia aetiology. METHODS: This nested case-control study was conducted within the Three-City Study cohort, a prospective population-based study initiated in 1999. The cohort included 9294 community-dwelling individuals aged 65 and older, followed for 15 years in three French cities (Bordeaux, Dijon, Montpellier). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale in 1028 dementia cases and 1028 matched controls. Trajectories of depressive symptoms were analysed over the 15 years preceding the index date (dementia diagnosis). RESULTS: No significant differences in depressive symptomatology (p=0.69) or the frequency of depressive states (OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.51 to 2.87) were observed between cases and controls 12-15 years before the index date. Gradual differences emerged over time, becoming significant 6-8 years prior to dementia onset (p<0.001) and peaking 2 years before the index date (OR 2.93, 95% CI 2.27 to 3.80). These differences were more pronounced in non-Alzheimer's dementia cases. CONCLUSIONS: Depressive symptoms progressively increased in the years leading up to dementia diagnosis, with the most pronounced elevations occurring in non-Alzheimer's dementia
Trials
Get PDFBACKGROUND: The EMPIRICAL trial aims to assess safety and efficacy of an empirical treatment against cytomegalovirus (CMV) and tuberculosis (TB) compared to standard of care (SoC), on adverse events and 15-day and 1-year mortality among infants living with HIV hospitalized with severe pneumonia in Africa. METHODS AND DESIGN: The EMPIRICAL trial (NCT03915366) is an international multicenter phase II-III, open-label randomized factorial clinical trial conducted in six African countries. The trial has four randomization arms in a 1:1:1:1 fashion with patients allocated to (i) TB-Treatment plus SoC, (ii) valganciclovir plus SoC, (iii) both TB-Treatment and valganciclovir plus SoC, and (iv) SoC only. DISCUSSION: This paper describes the statistical analysis plan (SAP) for the trial which, per the study publication plan, needs to be published prior to the database lock and final analysis results. The SAP includes details of the analyses to be undertaken and unpopulated tables that will be reported to address primary and secondary endpoints. The database will be locked on 31st January 2025. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03915366 (registered on April 16, 2019), Universal Trial Number: U111-1231-4736, Pan African Clinical Trial Registry: PACTR201994797961340
1H-NMR profiling of eggplant and pepper fruits during their development
No full textFor Solanaceae, the primary metabolite contents of ripening and ripe fruits have beenwidely studied in tomato. However, less data are available for other species such as pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) during fruit development tostudy their metabolism. We used 1H NMR profiling to produce quantitative metabolite dataof pepper and eggplant fruit along development.Polar compounds were extracted from lyophilized fruit powder with an ethanol-water series.NMR analyses were performed on pH-adjusted extracts containing EDTA. Metaboliteabsolute quantification was achieved using a 500-MHz-NMR-spectrometer and externalcalibration-range solutions. 1D-NMR spectra were processed with NMRProcFlow webtool(1). Annotation of the 1D-1H-spectra was performed as previously described(2,3,4),and using additional common 2D-NMR and less common 1D-selective-gradient COSY andTOCSY experiments.Twenty-four metabolites were determined in pepper (including two compounds partiallyidentified: a trans-4-hydroxyproline-like-compound, and a hydroxycinnamic-acid containingcompound)and 27 in eggplant. Nineteen common metabolites were quantified in both fruitspecies including three soluble sugars and one sugar-alcohol, five organic acids and nine freeamino acids. Spectra and data are available at recherche.data.gouv repository and ODAMdataexplorer and described in Roch et al. (2024). The metabolite quantification data allowedseeing common changes during development for the two species and their main compositionaldifferences, and also comparison with tomato data.Funding: FRIMOUSS ANR-15-CE20-0009-01, MetaboHUB ANR-11-INBS-0010References:Jacob et al. 2017, Metabolomics 13:1-5. Deborde et al. 2009, Metabolomics 5:183-198. Roch et al. 2020, J Ex Bot. 71:5823-5836. Sobolev et al. 2018, Food Chem. 255:120-131. Roch et al. 2024, BMC Research Notes 17:337.Développement d'une infrastructure française distribuée pour la métabolomique dédiée à l'innovationModélisation intégrative du fruit pour un système de sélection unifiéProjet vin authenticité en RM
Droit de la peine. Exécution provisoire. Inéligibilité assortie de l'exécution provisoire d'un conseiller municipal
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R Soc Open Sci
Get PDFPrevious work suggests that target selection during visual foraging is achieved through competition between different factors (e.g. proximity, priming, value) that orient attention towards one of the possible targets. However, this research has mainly involved simple stimuli such as coloured dots. Here, we investigated whether target selection is sensitive to the emotional content of the stimuli during visual foraging, using real-world photographs eliciting negative, neutral or positive emotions. Moreover, based on results from single-target visual search, we examined how participants' trait anxiety influences foraging behaviour. Seventy-five observers completed three foraging tasks corresponding to three emotional-valence conditions (positive, neutral, negative). The task was to select all the targets (pre-specified emotional images) as fast as possible while ignoring neutral distractors. Observers' foraging strategy (i.e. selection order, number of switches between target types) and performance (i.e. selection times, number of distractor selections) were measured. We also assessed participants' trait anxiety. The results revealed that negative emotional stimuli significantly influenced both foraging strategy and performance. Furthermore, the effect of negative emotion on foraging performance was amplified for participants with high trait anxiety. These findings suggest that emotional characteristics of both targets and participants contribute to target selection during visual foraging.La recherche viselle multiple : un modèle privilégié pour une étude moderne et écologique de l'attention visuell