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Overcoming Barriers to Implementing Sustainable Mobility Strategies in Rural Areas: A Case Study in Turkiye
No full textThis Turkish case study examines the challenges and solutions of rural sustainable mobility programmes. Limited infrastructure, scattered people, and socio-economic restrictions might hamper sustainable transportation practises in rural areas. This research identifies these barriers and proposes sustainable mobility alternatives for rural communities. The mixed-methods study includes qualitative interviews and on-line surveys with important stakeholders, data analysis, and field observations. Findings show that rural sustainable transportation requires a diverse strategy. This involves customising infrastructure, boosting accessibility and connection, integrating transportation modes, and improving public transit. To influence rural dwellers’ behaviour, sustainable mobility knowledge and education are crucial. The case study emphasises the importance of local communities, stakeholders, and policymakers in planning and decision-making. Funding, policy changes, and rural mobility project sustainability depend on government, non-governmental, and private sector collaboration. This study expands sustainable transport knowledge by evaluating rural mobility difficulties and strategies. This research helps policymakers, researchers, and practitioners design and implement sustainable mobility strategies in similar settings, promoting environmentally friendly and comprehensive transport systems in rural regions, especially in Turkiye. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
Examining the Experiences of Visual Arts Teacher Candidates in Developing Digital Assessment Tools
No full textThe integration of digital assessment tools into the educational process emphasized the significance of assessing the knowledge and skills of teachers and teacher candidates in designing, utilizing, and benefiting from these tools. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the competencies of final-year teacher candidates who will serve as teachers in visual arts education, an essential area within education. This study aims to reveal the experiences of senior visual arts teacher candidates in designing digital assessment tools. Designed as a case study, which is one of the qualitative research methods, the present study employs a single-case design. Participants were selected through criterion sampling, a purposive sampling method. The criteria for participation included being a senior undergraduate student, volunteering to participate, and having completed the courses Visual Arts Education Programs, Material Design in Visual Arts Teaching, and Assessment and Evaluation in Education within their degree program. This study was carried out with 26 visual arts teacher candidates (21 female and 5 male) studying in the Department of Art Education at a state university in T & uuml;rkiye. Data collection was performed using digital assessment tools designed by the participants, besides the structured interview forms. Before the application, participants received an introductory briefing on the identified digital assessment tools and their integration into visual arts education, based on a review of the literature. Participants were given the freedom to choose the digital platform they would use and were tasked with designing a digital assessment tool. After a three-week preparation period, the visual arts teacher candidates who had designed digital assessment tools were asked, Would you use digital assessment tools in Visual Arts lessons when you become a teacher? Why? The collected data were categorized under specific themes and subcodes, with participants coded as K1, K2, K3, .... Data analysis was conducted using the qualitative data analysis software MAXQDA, resulting in tabular, visual, and descriptive interpretations. It was observed that participants designed digital assessment tools aligned with the learning areas and achievements of the Visual Arts Course Curriculum. It was found that participants predominantly preferred 5th-grade middle school level in their digital assessment tool designs. Among the learning areas in the Visual Arts Course Curriculum, the most frequently addressed achievements were related to Cultural Heritage, and the Wordwall digital platform was the most commonly utilized tool. Grouping was the preferred question type for the assessment tools. All participating visual arts teacher candidates expressed their intention to use digital assessment tools as teachers but noted facing challenges due to a lack of technical knowledge during the preparation process. This research highlights the need for similar studies involving larger groups and deeper investigations. Accordingly, the present study recommends conducting long-term studies to monitor the development of a higher number of participants, investigating the challenges visual arts teacher candidates face in technology usage, and exploring additional digital application examples for use in visual arts education
The Geography Of Salur Kazan'in Evi Yagmalandigi Boy
No full textDede Korkut Destanları'nın birçok varyantı vardır. Dede Korkut birçok sözlü kültür ürünü ile ilişkilidir, birçok destan ve anlatının oluşumuna da kaynaklık etmiştir. Bu açıdan Dede Korkut, Türk destanlarının atasıdır. Dede Korkut coğrafyasında adı geçen yer adları üçe ayrılabilir. Bunlar, destanların Orta Asya'da ortaya çıktığı döneme ait yer adları, sonradan Anadolu-Azerbaycan coğrafyasında mahallileşmiş yer adları, destanlara sonradan katılan yer adlarıdır. Dede Korkut'taki bazı destanlarda İç Oğuz-Dış Oğuz coğrafyası vardır, bazı destanlarda İç Oğuz-Dış Oğuz coğrafyası değişmektedir, bazı destanlarda İç Oğuz-Dış Oğuz coğrafyasının aslı yoktur. Dede Korkut Kitabı'ndaki ikinci boy Salur Kazan'ın Evi Yağmalandığı Boy'dur. Boyun konusu, bir yurdun düşmanlar tarafından yağmalanması, bir beyin ailesinin, yakınlarının tutsak edilmesi, daha sonra beyin, diğer beylerle birlikte, ailesini, yakınlarını kurtarmasıdır. Bu boy Dede Korkut'ta çok kişinin adının geçtiği boylardan biridir. Boyun başkahramanı Salur Kazan'dır. Boyda Karacuk Çoban da başkahraman gibi işlenmiştir. Salur Kazan'ın Evi Yağmalandığı Boy'da tarihi-coğrafi-edebi-kültürel olarak başlıca iki coğrafi tabaka bulunmaktadır: Alt Coğrafya ve Üst Coğrafya. Bu boy ve Şecere-i Terakime'deki rivayetlerin tarihi coğrafyası birbiriyle uyumludur, bu durum destanın köklerinin Orta Asya'da olduğunu yansıtmaktadır. Boyun Salır Gazan adlı Türkmenistan varyantının ve sözlü Türkmen rivayetlerinin olması, Orta Asya Türk destanları ile benzerlikleri, boyda geçen birçok yer adı, bu boyun Oğuzların Hazar'ın batısına, Anadolu-Azerbaycan'a göçlerinden önceye, Orta Asya'da bulundukları 10.-11. yüzyıllardan daha eski bir tarihe ait olduğunu göstermektedir. Destanın motifleri, varyantları, ilişkili anlatılar geniş bir coğrafyada görülmektedir. Bu boy Dede Korkut'ta çok yer adının geçtiği boylardan biridir. Boyun coğrafyası belirgindir. Boydaki coğrafya Aladağlar, Karadağlar, Demirkapı bölgesidir. Burası Amu Derya yakınlarında, Garcistan ağzındadır, tarihi Batı Türkistan bölgesidir, Batı Göktürklerin-Türgişlerin tarihi coğrafyasıdır. Salur Kazan'ın Evi Yağmalandığı Boy'da Aladağ, Amıt Suyu, Aygır Gözler Suyu, Bayburd Hisarı, Demirkapı, Dış Oğuz/Taş Oğuz, Gürcistan, Hemid, İç Oğuz, Karadağ/Karacuk, Kara Dere, Medine, Mekke, Merdin Kalası, Oğuz Eli/Oğuz yer adları geçmektedir. Bu çalışmada Dede Korkut'taki Salur Kazan'ın Evi Yağmalandığı Boy'un coğrafyası incelenmiştir.There are many variants of the Dede Korkut Epics. Dede Korkut is associated with many oral culture products and has been the source of many epics and narratives. In this respect, Dede Korkut is the ancestor of Turkic epics. The place names mentioned in the Dede Korkut geography can be divided into three. These are the place names belonging to the period when the epics emerged in Central Asia, the place names that later became localized in the Anatolia-Azerbaijan geography, the place names that were later added to the epics. In some epics in Dede Korkut, there is the Ic Oguz-Dis Oguz geography, in some epics the Ic Oguz-Dis Oguz geography changes, in some epics the Ic Oguz-Dis Oguz geography does not exist. The second epic in the Book of Dede Korkut is Salur Kazan'in Evi Yagmalandigi Boy. The subject of the epic is the plundering of a country by enemies, the captivity of a lord's family and relatives, and then the lord, together with other lords, rescuing his family and relatives. This epic is one of the epics in which many people's names are mentioned in Dede Korkut. The protagonist of the epic is Salur Kazan. Karacuk Coban is also treated as the protagonist in the epic. In Salur Kazan'in Evi Yagmalandigi Boy, there are two main geographical layers in terms of historical-geographical-literary-cultural aspects: Lower Geography and Upper Geography. The historical geography of this epic and the narrations in Secere-i Terakime are compatible with each other, this situation reflects that the roots of the epic are in Central Asia. The existence of the Turkmenistan variant of the epic called Salir Gazan and oral Turkmen narrations, its similarities with Central Asian Turkic epics, many place names mentioned in the epic indicate that this epic belongs to a history older than the 10th-11th centuries when the Oghuzs migrated to the west of the Caspian Sea, to Anatolia-Azerbaijan, and when they were in Central Asia. The motifs, variants, related narratives of the epic are seen in a wide geography. This epic is one of the epics in which many place names are mentioned in Dede Korkut. The epic's geography is distinct. The geography in the epic is Aladaglar, Karadaglar, Demirkapi region. This is near Amu Darya, at the mouth of Garcistan, it is the historical West Turkestan region, it is the historical geography of the Western Gokturks-Turgishes. In Salur Kazan'in Evi Yagmalandigi Boy, the place names Aladag, Amit Suyu, Aygir Gozler Suyu, Bayburd Hisari, Demirkapi, Dis Oguz/Tas Oguz, Gurcistan, Hemid, Ic Oguz, Karadag/Karacuk, Kara Dere, Medine, Mekke, Merdin Kalasi, Oguz Eli/Oguz are mentioned. In this study, the geography of Salur Kazan'in Evi Yagmalandigi Boy in Dede Korkut was examined
Şiddete Maruz Kalmış Sağlık Çalışanlarının Deneyimlerinin ve Stresle Baş Etme Yöntemlerinin İncelenmesi: Nitel Bir Çalışma
No full textAmaç: Bu çalışma şiddete maruz kalmış sağlık çalışanlarının deneyimlerini ve stresle baş etme yöntemlerini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan yorumlayıcı fenomenolojik yöntem kullanılmış olup veri toplamak için yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırma verileri araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan görüşme soruları aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmada sekizi fiziksel şiddete, ikisi sözel şiddete maruz kalan on sağlık çalışanı ile görüşme yapılmıştır. Görüşmeler sonucunda üç ana tema ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu temalar şiddet deneyimleri, şiddet sonrası etkiler ve baş etme yöntemleri olarak üçe ayrılmıştır. Şiddet sonrası etkiler, psikolojik etkiler ve mesleki etkiler şeklinde alt tema şeklinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Baş etme yöntemleri teması ise sosyal destek ve psikolojik destek olarak alt temalara ayrılmıştır. Sonuç: Şiddete maruz kalmış sağlık çalışanlarında yaşamış oldukları şiddet olayı sonrasında yaşamlarında hem sosyal hem de mesleki anlamda olumsuz etkiler görülmüştür. Sağlık çalışanları bu durumun olumsuz etkileri ile baş etmek adına çeşitli yöntemlere başvurmuştur. Sağlıkta şiddeti önleme konusunda sağlık çalışanlarından öneriler alınmış ve bu öneriler çalışmada verilmiştir
Oynanabilir Kentler: Eğlenceli Kentsel Alanlar Tasarlamak
No full textThe innovative approach of integrating play and interaction into urban spaces aims to transform cityscapes into dynamic, engaging and inclusive spaces that both increase the quality of life of citizens and attract tourists. Playable cities encourage social interaction, creativity and physical activity by combining interactive and/or participatory activities, digital games, etc. Playable cities, which also include smart technologies and environmentally sensitive design, increase the quality of life of citizens and support urban ecology and urban resilience. This approach, in addition to being compatible with broader urban planning goals, plays an effective role in ensuring that individuals communicate with each other and cultural characteristics to continue. As cities continue to grow and expand over the years, the integration of fun designs and/or elements into public spaces provides the opportunity to make cities more livable and enjoyable for everyone. It also makes it possible to redefine urban experience in different ways and to align technological innovation with social well-being and environmental sustainability. In this context, the study aims to provide urban and landscape designers with a comprehensive understanding of playable cities and playful urban spaces. It aims to examine playable cities from the perspectives of playable urban design, playable urban furniture, landscape architecture, urban identity, tourism and social sustainability and to summarize their relationships. In addition, the study examines some examples to visualize the playability of urban designs and urban elements while analyzing them. It is thought that this comprehensive approach will form an important basis for future design studies to design user-centered, environmentally and climate-compatible urban landscapes.Oyun ve etkileşimi kentsel alanlara entegre eden yenilikçi yaklaşım, kent peyzajını hem vatandaşların yaşam kalitesini artıran hem de turist çeken dinamik, ilgi çekici ve kapsayıcı alanlara dönüştürmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Oynanabilir kentler, etkileşimli ve/veya katılımcı aktiviteleri, dijital oyunları vb. birleştirerek sosyal etkileşimi, yaratıcılığı ve fiziksel aktiviteyi teşvik etmektedir. Akıllı teknolojileri ve çevreye duyarlı tasarımı da içeren oynanabilir kentler, vatandaşların yaşam kalitesini arttırmakta, kentsel ekolojiyi ve kentsel dayanıklılığı desteklemektedir. Bu yaklaşım, daha geniş kentsel planlama hedefleriyle uyumlu olmasının yanı sıra, bireylerin birbirleriyle iletişim kurmasını ve kültürel özelliklerin devam etmesini sağlamada etkili bir rol oynamaktadır. Kentler yıllar içinde büyümeye ve genişlemeye devam ettikçe, eğlenceli tasarımların ve/veya öğelerin kamusal alanlara entegre edilmesi, kentleri herkes için daha yaşanabilir ve keyifli hale getirme fırsatı sunmaktadır. Ayrıca, kentsel deneyimi farklı şekillerde yeniden tanımlamayı ve teknolojik yeniliği sosyal refah ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlikle uyumlu hale getirmeyi mümkün kılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, çalışma kentsel tasarım ve peyzaj mimarlığı disiplinlerine oynanabilir kentler ve eğlenceli kentsel alanlar hakkında kapsamlı bir anlayış sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır. Oynanabilir kentleri oynanabilir kentsel tasarım, oynanabilir kent mobilyaları, peyzaj mimarlığı, kentsel kimlik, turizm ve sosyal sürdürülebilirlik perspektiflerinden incelemeyi ve aralarındaki ilişkileri özetlemeyi hedeflemektedir. Ayrıca, çalışmada kentsel tasarımların ve kentsel öğelerin oynanabilirliğini görselleştirmek için bazı örnekler incelenerek analiz edilmektedir. Bu kapsamlı yaklaşımın, kullanıcı merkezli, çevresel ve iklim uyumlu kentsel peyzaj alanlarını tasarlamak için gelecekteki tasarım çalışmaları için önemli bir temel oluşturacağı düşünülmektedir
Advanced yttria-stabilized zirconia composites through in situ growth zeolitic imidazolate framework-derived nanocarbon
No full textAdvanced ceramics are valued for their exceptional mechanical and electrical properties, which can be further improved by incorporating micro and nanostructures as reinforcements. Carbon allotropes such as carbon nanotubes and graphene have been widely utilized in ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) to enhance fracture toughness and electrical conductivity. However, challenges like nanocarbon agglomeration and weak interfacial bonding with ceramics often hinder their effectiveness. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer a promising alternative due to their carbon-rich structure, which can be carbonized and homogeneously integrated into ceramic matrices. In this study, we propose a novel approach by directly growing ZIF-67 MOF crystals around yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) nanoparticles to achieve a more uniform distribution compared to conventional physical mixing methods. The resulting YSZ/ZIF-67 composites, fabricated via spark plasma sintering (SPS), exhibited a 44 % increase in fracture toughness, attributed to the refined microstructure and the energy-wasting of crack by deflection and bridging effect of the derived nanocarbons. Additionally, electrical conductivity improved by 9 orders of magnitude, benefiting from the percolation network formed by carbonized ZIF-67. Structural analyses, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy, confirmed the successful incorporation and uniform distribution of nanocarbons within the ceramic matrix. These findings demonstrate that MOF-derived carbon structures can significantly enhance both the mechanical and electrical performance of ceramic composites, offering potential applications in energy storage, electronic devices, and structural materials.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK) [22M085]; TUBITAKThis study was supported by Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK) under Grant Number 22M085. The authors thank TUBITAK for their support
Self-compassion, psychological resilience and rumination as predictors of job satisfaction
No full textBu araştırmada öğretmenlerin mesleki doyumlarının yordayıcısı olarak öz şefkat, psikolojik sağlamlık ve işsel ruminasyon düzeylerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma deseni olarak nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden olan ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında 2023-2024 eğitim öğretim yılında Zonguldak ilinde Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı'na bağlı eğitim kurumlarında görev yapan öğretmenlerden bir çalışma grubu oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma farklı branştan 401 öğretmenin gönüllü katılımı ile kartopu örnekleme ile gerçekleşmiştir. Araştırmaya katılan öğretmenlerin veri toplama aracı olarak "Kişisel Bilgiler Formu", "Mesleki Doyum Ölçeği", "Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği", "Öz Şefkat Ölçeği Kısa Formu" ve "İşsel Ruminasyon Ölçeği" uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde; betimsel, Pearson korelasyon, bağımsız gruplar t testi, tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve çoklu regresyon analizleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda öğretmenlerin öz şefkat, psikolojik sağlamlık ve işsel ruminasyonlarının mesleki doyumlarının anlamlı yordayıcıları olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Öz şefkat ile mesleki doyum arasında orta düzeyde, pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Psikolojik sağlamlık ile mesleki doyum arasında orta düzeyde, pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Mesleki doyum ile işsel ruminasyon arasında düşük düzeyde, negatif ve anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Öğretmenlerin mesleki doyumları, psikolojik sağlamlıkları, öz şefkatleri, işsel ruminasyonları cinsiyet, yaş, kıdem, yöneticilik durumuna göre anlamlı fark göstermezken işsel ruminasyonun alt boyutları Problem Çözme ile kademe ve yine Problem Çözme ve Kopma alt boyutunda branşlara göre anlamlı ilişkiler bulunduğu gözlenmiştir. Mesleğini isteyerek seçen öğretmenlerin mesleki doyum, psikolojik sağlamlık ve öz şefkat düzeyleri arasında da anlamlı fark bulunmaktadır. Araştırmada elde edilen verilerden yola çıkılarak Türkiye Yüzyılı Maarif Modeli gibi merkezinde insan olan öğretim programlarını uygulamaya geçen öğretmenlerin kariyer ve iyi oluşlarını geliştirmeye yönelik birtakım öneriler geliştirilmiştir.In this study, it is aimed to examine the levels of self-compassion, psychological resilience and work-related rumination as predictors of teachers' job satisfaction. The research employed a correlational survey model, one of the quantitative research methods. A study group was formed with teachers working in educational institutions affiliated with the Ministry of Turkish National Education in Zonguldak during the 2023-2024 academic year. This study included 401 teachers from different branches who voluntarily participated through snowball sampling. As data collection tools, the "Personal Information Form", "Job Satisfaction Scale", "Brief Resilience Scale", "The Short Form of Self-Compassion Scale" and "Work-Related Rumination Scale" were administered to the participating teachers. In the analysis of the data obtained, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, independent samples t-test, one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) and multiple regression analyses were used. The results of study revealed that teachers' self-compassion, psychological resilience and work-related rumination were significant predictors of job satisfaction. A moderate, positive and significant relationship was also found between self-compassion and job satisfaction. A moderate, positive and significant relationship was found between psychological resilience and job satisfaction. A low, negative and significant relation was found between job satisfaction and work-related rumination. While teachers' job satisfaction, psychological resilience, self-compassion and work-related rumination did not show significant differences according to gender, age, seniority or managerial status, meaningful relationships were observed in the sub-dimensions of work-related rumination. Specifically, in the Problem Solving sub-dimension according to job level and in both the Problem Solving and Detachment sub-dimensions according to subject areas. Additionally, a significant difference was found in the levels of job satisfaction, psychological resilience and self-compassion among teachers who chose their profession willingly. Based on the data obtained in the study, several recommendations have been developed to enhance the career and well-being of teachers who implement person-centered educational programs such as The Century of Türkiye Education Model
The symbolism of shoes in heritage, art, and literature: a semiotic study
No full textThis study aims to trace literary and non-literary examples and references that center on the shoe as a symbol—whether those that have gained prominence within Arab culture or universally across cultures. It seeks to analyze this symbol within its appropriate historical and social contexts, shedding light on its overt and hidden meanings, as well as the symbolic connotations of the shoe that influence both the conscious and unconscious minds of speakers across various discourse types and genres. The study employs a semiotic approach to analyze the shoes symbolism, supported by a socio-historical perspective. Drawing on a variety of sources, it reveals the full impact of the shoes meanings within the examined contexts. The study concludes that the shoe holds a central position in human thought—not merely in terms of material utility but also in intellectual and cultural dimensions. Some examples uncover historical and social layers unique to specific eras or groups, while others demonstrated global resonance, becoming ingrained in the collective memory across societies. Conversely, some remained confined to their own cultural or temporal environments. The shoes symbolism extends into philosophy, art, and literature, where creators have employed it in diverse ways, making it a significant marker in human thought—whether in religious texts, artworks, or literary works. The study illuminated multiple meanings associated with the shoe, including defilement, degraded subordination,punishment, comfort, poverty, stinginess, and humiliation, among others
Genetically Engineered Probiotics and Their Potential in Therapeutic Applications
No full textThe intestinal microbiome, consisting of a diverse array of microbes, plays a vital role in protecting against pathogens, affecting host physiology, and shaping the immune system. Probiotic bacteria, which are live microorganisms providing health benefits, have become increasingly significant due to their ability to lower cholesterol, maintain microbial balance, inhibit carcinogenesis, and support metabolic functions. However, probiotics also have limitations, including specificity to certain microbes and the need to withstand harsh gastrointestinal environments. Enhancing their effectiveness may involve creating blends of various strains and developing genetically engineered probiotics (GEP) to address these challenges. Bioengineering can enhance probiotic strains by introducing genes that help them withstand production stresses, survive in the gastrointestinal tract, and prevent infections. This approach also enables GEP to deliver drugs, target pathogens, and treat diseases such as gastrointestinal diseases, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. This chapter explores GEP, emphasizing the conversion of non-probiotic substances into probiotics and the enhancement of existing probiotics through genetic modification. It also discusses recent advancements in using probiotics as living diagnostics and therapeutics for detecting and treating diseases. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved
Physical properties of Scots pine and Oriental beech treated with water repellents
No full textWater repellents resist water on the wood surface, contributing to the longer service life of the wood material owing to reduced water uptake and biological attack. This study was carried out to compare water-repellent substances with each other in terms of water absorption, weathering, surface roughness, and contact angle. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis) specimens were treated with silicone, paraffin compounds, and linseed oil according to a full-cell process. Following impregnation, the specimens were subjected to various tests including accelerated weathering (200 h), water soaking (2 weeks), contact angle, and surface roughness. Linseed oil exhibited the lowest water uptake in both Scots pine (37%) and Oriental beech specimens (28%) compared to paraffin and silicon oils, as well as untreated specimens, for two weeks. In the water-repellent-treated specimens, significant swelling occurred between 4 h and 24 h of water exposure. The beech specimens impregnated with paraffin exhibited the lowest color change (3.9) after 200 h of weathering. Silicon oil-treated Scots pine resulted in the highest contact angle after 100 and 200 h of weathering compared with the specimens treated with paraffin and linseed oil