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Previous experience with delays affects delay discounting in animal model of ADHD
Full text linkBackground
ADHD is a disorder where a common symptom is impulsive behaviour, a broad term associated with making sub-optimal choices. One frequently used method to investigate impulsive behaviour is delay discounting, which involves choosing between a small, immediate reinforcer and a delayed, larger one. Choosing the small immediate reinforcer is by itself, however, not sufficient for terming the choice impulsive, as all organisms eventually switch to choosing the small, immediate reinforcer when the delay to the larger reinforcer becomes long. This switch can be termed impulsive only when it occurs more frequently, or at shorter LL delays, than typically observed in normal controls. A poorly understood aspect is how choice is influenced by previous experience with delays. Using an animal model of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat, we manipulated the order of exposure to delays in a delay discounting task. Following a preference test, the Ascending group experienced gradually increasing delays between choice and reinforcer while the Descending group were exposed to these delays in reverse order.
Results
The results showed that the Descending group chose the small, immediate reinforcer over the larger delayed to a much larger extent than the Ascending group, and continued to do so even when the delay component was ultimately removed. Strain effects were found in the Ascending group, with SHRs switching to the small, immediate reinforcer earlier than controls as the delay to the larger reinforcer increased.
Conclusion
The data suggests that delay discounting is affected by history of exposure to delayed consequences. When reinforcement contingencies are incrementally changed from having no response-reinforcer delay to a long delay, discounting of delayed consequences is gradual. However, a sudden change from no delay to a long delay, without intermediate training, results in a rapid switch to the small, immediate reinforcer option, and this behaviour is somewhat resilient to the shortening and eventual removal of the large reinforcer delay. The implication is that attempting to reduce already existing impulsive behaviour in children with ADHD will require gradual habituation and not sudden changes in reinforcement contingencies.publishedVersio
In total smartness: the institutional logics perspective on the Internet of things and people
Full text linkFollowing the institutional logics perspective and an inductive research design, this study is the first to outline the Internet of things and people as a new institutional order with a distinct logic. The rise of this new institutional logic is prompted by smart technology, which transforms the ideological field of technology and challenges consumers’ self-concepts. In counterbalancing attempts, consumers internalize those “non-smart” practices that assist in maintaining the self’s integrity and differentiate “Us” – humans from “Them” – smart things. In contrast to previous research describing the material as a passive carrier, this study provides evidence that the material can be the driving force behind the emergence of institutional logic.In total smartness: the institutional logics perspective on the Internet of things and peoplepublishedVersio
Smart Shopping Carts to Increase Healthier Food Purchase: A Conjoint Experiment
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Experiences of living with binge eating disorder and facilitators of recovery processes: a qualitative study
Full text linkBackground
Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most prevalent eating disorder worldwide. BED is often associated with low quality of life and mental health problems. Given the complexity of the disorder, recovery may be challenging. Since BED was only recently specified as a diagnostic category by the World Health Organization (2021), little is known about how patients experience living with BED in everyday life. This study aimed to explore how patients experience living with BED and to investigate factors perceived as facilitating recovery.
Method
Individual interviews were conducted with six patients in a rehabilitation programme for recovery from BED. Interviews were conducted digitally and verbally transcribed between December 2020 and January 2021. The analysis was based on Malterud’s systematic text condensation.
Results
Being diagnosed with BED could be experienced as a relief. The participants perceived living with BED as a challenging addiction. They struggled with a low self-image and experienced a lack of understanding from others, resulting in shame. Self-compassion and social support from friends and family and through participation in a rehabilitation programme were important facilitators of recovery.
Conclusion
Participants perceived living with BED as a challenging addiction. They struggled with low self-esteem and experienced a lack of understanding from others, resulting in shame. Being diagnosed with BED was perceived as a relief. They appreciated that issues related to mental health were addressed during rehabilitation to better understand the complexity of BED. Knowledge about BED, as well as the difficulties of living with BED among family members and friends might help patients with BED feel less ashamed of their disorder and could thus contribute to increased self-compassion.publishedVersio
Ledelsesutdanningens muligheter: Om å utvikle en realistisk lederselvtillit i samspill med andre
Full text linkThis chapter takes as its vantage point the fact that leadership is not something that can be taught or learned as a set of objective and universal skills and abilities. Thus, in dealing with an array of mixed and demanding leadership expectations, individuals may fall short of appropriate means to develop realistic leadership self-efficacy. Various dysfunctional misperceptions may be the result, including imposter syndrome, the Dunning-Kruger effect and/or succumbing to narcissistic personality types. What kinds of organizational support help individuals avoid or maneuver out of such dysfunctional thinking and behavioral patterns and instead make more realistic judgments regarding their own and others’ leadership capabilities? Research indicates that becoming aware of these phenomena is key. Changing one’s dysfunctional thinking patterns can be achieved via cognitive behavioral therapy. Other measures at the organizational and individual level are suggested and may be implemented by HR staff and current leaders. It is further argued that leadership education and self-leadership training may serve as an important measure to reduce, prevent and/or counter the development of imposter syndrome tendencies and help build leadership self-efficacy. Through various andragogical processes, it may be possible to reduce inclinations of overestimating other people’s leadership talent, underestimating one’s own, or simply gaining insight into others’ leadership experiences, learning processes and self-evaluations.publishedVersio
From juniors to seniors: changes in training characteristics and aerobic power in 17 world-class cross-country skiers
Full text linkPurpose: To compare training characteristics and aerobic power (VO2max) between the most successful junior and senior seasons of world-class cross-country (XC) skiers and to identify differences between sexes and among sprint and distance skiers.
Methods: Retrospective analysis was conducted on self-reported training and VO2max tests of ten male and seven female world-class XC-skiers, collectively holding 38 Olympic medals. Training was categorized by form (endurance, strength, speed, other) and mode (specific, unspecific) and was divided into low- (LIT), moderate- (MIT), and high-intensity training (HIT).
Results: Total training increased by 203 ± 130 h (35% ± 31%, p < .001, large effect) and 78 ± 69 sessions (21% ± 24%, p < .001, very large effect). Junior training volume (658 ± 107 h) did not correlate with senior volume (861 ± 74 h) but correlated negatively with changes in volume (r = −.822, p < .001). No sex differences were observed related to total volume, but distance skiers increased their total volume more than sprint skiers (p = .037, large effect). Endurance training increased by 197 ± 117 h (p < .001; large effect) tied to increased low-intensity training (186 ± 115 h, p < .001; large effect) and moderate-intensity training (13 ± 7 h, p < .001; large effect). Training intensity distribution (% LIT/MIT/HIT) was 91/3/6 in junior and 92/4/4 in senior season. Women demonstrated greater increase of unspecific modes (100 ± 58 vs. 37 ± 44 h, p = .022; large effect) and strength training (25 ± 23 vs. −3 ± 17 h, p = .010, large effect). Men improved absolute (8% ± 5%; p = .009; large effect) and relative VO2max (6% ± 4%; p = .016; large effect) from junior to senior, while women only increased relative VO2max (7% ± 5%, p = .012; large effect).
Conclusion: This study provides novel information regarding changes in training characteristics and aerobic power from junior to senior age in world-class XC-skiers. Overall, the enhanced training volume during this transition was primarily driven by increased LIT and MIT and the exceptionally high relative VO2max at junior age further increased in both sexes.publishedVersio
Random Testing and Evolutionary Testing for Fuzzing GraphQL APIs
Full text linkThe Graph Query Language (GraphQL) is a powerful language for APIs manipulation in web services. It has been recently introduced as an alternative solution for addressing the limitations of RESTful APIs. This paper introduces an automated solution for GraphQL APIs testing. We present a full framework for automated APIs testing, from the schema extraction to test case generation. In addition, we consider two kinds of testing: white-box and black-box testing. The white-box testing is performed when the source code of the GraphQL API is available. Our approach is based on evolutionary search. Test cases are evolved to intelligently explore the solution space while maximizing code coverage and fault-finding criteria. The black-box testing does not require access to the source code of the GraphQL API. It is therefore of more general applicability, albeit it has worse performance. In this context, we use a random search to generate GraphQL data. The proposed framework is implemented and integrated into the open-source EvoMaster tool. With enabled white-box heuristics, i.e., white-box mode, experiments on 7 open-source GraphQL APIs and 3 search algorithms show statistically significant improvement of the evolutionary approach compared to the baseline random search. In addition, experiments on 31 online GraphQL APIs reveal the ability of the black-box mode to detect real faults.Random Testing and Evolutionary Testing for Fuzzing GraphQL APIspublishedVersio
HRM-praksiser i TV-produksjon
Full text linkThe research on and practice of human resource management (HRM) typically are related to standard employment relationships and the HRM triad of line managers, employees and a HRM department. In this chapter we describe and analyze HRM in the context of television production in Norway. We identify a “deviant” context that is rarely studied, one characterized by project-based work and contingent employment relationships. In the theoretical part of the paper different contexts for HRM are described. We then provide a brief overview of the Norwegian institutional environment of employment relations. Based on 18 semi-structured interviews with respondents in various roles in TV production, we describe and analyze key HRM themes in the sector. Project organization is a characteristic feature in the production companies. They typically combine a small core of employees on open-ended contracts with (project-based) temporary employees and contractors. A collective agreement has been established in the TV industry for temporary employees, which is quite unique in Norway. A consistent finding is that the HRM function is minimalistic and “fuzzy”, for example, in relation to employee development and performance appraisals. However, many firms emphasize health and safety issues.publishedVersio
Exploring the utilization of IoT-based smart metering technology findings from Norway
No full textThe development of smart technologies is taking an increasing presence in our daily lives, business and education. In 2019, the Norwegian government decided that all Norwegian households should have Smart Meters implemented following the Measurement and Settlement Regulations Act (NVE, 2023). Few studies have been conducted on Smart Meter Technology (SMT) in Norway in comparison with other countries. According to the researchers' knowledge, there have been no studies executed on Norwegian households' utilization of the technology, following the 2019 regulation. Therefore, this thesis attempts to explore the factors affecting consumers' utilization of SMT in Norway.
Through a mixed-method research design, this study contributes to insight from the consumer, but also the professional perspective obtained from the surveys and interviews. These findings may prove to be highly valuable for distribution network operators and the government, both present and future. The collected data gives insight into what Norwegian households perceive as important or not important in relation to the utilization of the Smart Meter Technology.
Based on an assessment of prior literature and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) a questionnaire and interviews were executed. The research model used consists of seven constructs, measured by their effect on Behavioral Intention (BI) towards the utilization of SMT. Responses from 105 respondents living in Norway and data from three in-depth interviews with professional informants working with the technology helped to shed light on SMT utilization.
Our main quantitative findings show that four factors had a significant effect on consumers' utilization of SMT: Familiarity (F), Cost and Electricity-saving Concern (CEC), Perceived Usefulness (PU), and Social Influence (SI). Environmental Awareness (EA), Perceived Ease of Use(PEOU), and Privacy Concerns (PC) did not show an effect. In addition, our quantitative findings suggest that 62,9% did not utilize the SMT through additional equipment. The implications for practice entailed that SMT vendors should ensure clear information and better communication with the users. Higher awareness regarding SMT can potentially generate increased utilization and Familiarity. By raising Familiarity with SMT, other factors might also improve, such as higher consumer awareness of one's own energy consumption which in turn can lead to increased Environmental Awareness . The implications for research highlight that there is a need for additional exploration on Smart Meter Technology utilization in Norway
The stroop task sex difference: Evolved inhibition or color naming?
Full text linkPrevious research shows that women outperform men in the classic Stroop task, but it is not known why this difference occurs. There are currently two main hypotheses: (1) women have enhanced verbal abilities, and (2) women show greater inhibition. In two Stroop experiments, we examined the Inhibition hypothesis by adopting a procedure, often used in visual cognition paradigms, that induces a particular inhibitory component. So-called Negative Priming occurs when a distracting non-target stimulus on one trial becomes the target on the following trial. Results from our experiments showed that the degree to which this type of inhibition occurs within the Stroop effect is no different for men and women. This was the case irrespective of whether participants made a vocal response (Experiment 1; n = 64, 32 men and 32 women) or a manual response (Experiment 2; n = 64, 32 men and 32 women). These results do not therefore support the Inhibition hypothesis. We additionally review findings from a range of paradigms that can be seen as indexing the different components required for the Stroop task (e.g., distractor suppression). This review suggests that the sex effect is due to superior color naming ability in women.publishedVersio