Kristiania Open Archive
Not a member yet
2056 research outputs found
Sort by
Hvordan ser norske ledere på digitalisering? : En casestudie i elektrobransjen
Get PDFDenne masteroppgaven handler om norske ledere og digitalisering. Det snakkes mye om den fjerde industrielle revolusjon og digitaliseringen både i media og i vitenskapelige artikler. Den fjerde industrielle revolusjon bygger på den tredje industrielle revolusjon, som ga oss datamaskinen. Aldri tidligere har vi stått overfor så store og grunnleggende endringer i både hvordan vi lever, arbeider og samhandler med hverandre. Gjennom de tidligere industrielle revolusjonene har vi sett at maktfordelingen endres som følge av de grunnleggende endringene i samfunnet (Schwab 2016). Gjennom digitaliseringen vil mennesker, prosesser, digitale systemer og omgivelser bli sammenkoblet og samhandle på nye måter (Silvija Seres 2016; Dæhlen og Vinje 2019; Heggernes 2017, 35-36).
Forskning peker på at norske ledere er digitale sinker, de er altså for dårlig rustet for å møte den digitale utviklingen samfunnet står overfor, sammenlignet med ledere i andre deler av verden (Sannes og Andersen 2017).
Våre funn viser store variasjoner i de digitale ferdigheter hos ledere i elektrobransjen. Digitale ferdigheter defineres som «forretnings- og teknologiforståelse X vilje og evne til transformasjon» (Heggernes 2017, 39).
Det pekes i forskningen på at det er mangel på digital kunnskap, gjennomføringsevne, forretnings-og teknologiforståelse er hovedtemaene som gjør norske ledere til digitale sinker (Sannes og Andersen 2017). Det er imidlertid gjennomføringsevnen som trumfer alle andre personlige egenskaper (Lem 2012).
Bransjen selv begynner å se at digitaliseringen påvirker dem (Nelfo.no 2019; Sinus 2020).
Vi ønsker å gi ledere i små og mellomstore bedrifter ny innsikt i de selvforsterkende drivkreftene forbundet med digitaliseringen av næringslivet. Vi presenterer teoretiske og praktiske implikasjoner som kan illustrere problemstillingen. Modellen “digital mester” er en guide til å starte en digital endringsreise og presenteres avslutningsvis i kapittel 7.3
Å kaste lys ned forsyningskjeden. En studie av forbrukeres holdning til merkevarenes sosialbærekraftige kjedeansvar
Get PDFStudiens tematikk og hensikt
Denne bacheloroppgaven tar for seg forbrukernes ansvarsfordeling for sosialbærekraftige
kriser i merkevarenes forsyningskjeder. Dette, da det foreligger lite forskning på sosial
bærekraft i multibånd forsyningskjeder, og samfunnet opplever nettopp en omstilling til det
mer bærekraftige. Vi har gått frem for å avdekke hvorvidt det foreligger en “kjede-ansvars
effekt”, og om dette ansvaret pulveriseres dersom krisen skjer lenger nede i forsyningskjeden,
eller om forbrukerne alltid holder merkevaren ansvarlig. Vi testet hvorvidt leverandørledd (1.
og 2.), samt bruken av etiske retningslinjer, innvirket på forbrukernes ansvarsfordeling, og
hvorvidt det var en interaksjonseffekt mellom variablene. Vi har også testet for hvordan
ansvarstilskrivelsen innvirker på forbrukernes merkeevaluering av merkevaren.
Teoretisk grunnlag og metode
Studien tar særlig utgangspunkt i attribusjonsteorien og attribusjonsprosessen, om hvordan
forbrukerne henholdsvis fordeler ansvar og hvilket reaksjonsmønster som følger. Fra dette
forventet vi en ansvarspulverisering dersom krisen skjedde lenger fra merkevaren. Vi
forventet også at retningslinjers fravær generelt holdt merkevaren mer ansvarlig, og at
fraværet ga mer ansvar i leverandørforhold kontra underleverandørforhold (interaksjon).
Videre antok vi at ansvaret belastet merkeevalueringen negativt. Vi benyttet kvantitativ
metode, med 2x2 mellomgruppe eksperimentdesign og valgte ut respondenter etter
bekvemmelighetsmetoden på digitale plattformer. Det ble skrevet et fiktivt case formet som
en nyhetsartikkel, og alle respondentene tok stilling til det samme caset, men stimulien
varierte mellom gruppene.
Våre funn
Vi fant signifikant sammenheng mellom leverandørforhold og ansvar. Merkevaren ble
tilskrevet mer ansvar om krisen skjedde hos leverandør kontra underleverandør. Vi fant
imidlertid ikke empirisk dekning for at etiske retningslinjer innvirket på ansvaret, ei heller
noen interaksjonseffekt. Sammenhengen mellom ansvar og merkeevaluering korrelerte
signifikant, der merkeevalueringen ble dårligere om ansvarstilskrivelsen var større, i tråd med
vår forventning
Global and regional burden of chronic respiratory disease in 2016 arising from non-infectious airborne occupational exposures: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
Get PDFObjectives This paper presents detailed analysis of the global and regional burden of chronic respiratory disease arising from occupational airborne exposures, as estimated in the Global Burden of Disease 2016 study. Methods The burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due to occupational exposure to particulate matter, gases and fumes, and secondhand smoke, and the burden of asthma resulting from occupational exposure to asthmagens, was estimated using the population attributable fraction (PAF), calculated using exposure prevalence and relative risks from the literature. PAFs were applied to the number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for COPD and asthma. Pneumoconioses were estimated directly from cause of death data. Age-standardised rates were based only on persons aged 15 years and above. Results The estimated PAFs (based on DALYs) were 17% (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 14%–20%) for COPD and 10% (95% UI 9%–11%) for asthma. There were estimated to be 519 000 (95% UI 441,000– 609,000) deaths from chronic respiratory disease in 2016 due to occupational airborne risk factors (COPD: 460,100 [95% UI 382,000–551,000]; asthma: 37,600 [95% UI 28,400–47,900]; pneumoconioses: 21,500 [95% UI 17,900–25,400]. The equivalent overall burden estimate was 13.6 million (95% UI 11.9–15.5 million); DALYs (COPD: 10.7 [95% UI 9.0–12.5] million; asthma: 2.3 [95% UI 1.9–2.9] million; pneumoconioses: 0.58 [95% UI 0.46–0.67] million). Rates were highest in males; older persons and mainly in Oceania, Asia and sub-S aharan Africa; and decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conclusions Workplace exposures resulting in COPD, asthma and pneumoconiosis continue to be important contributors to the burden of disease in all regions of the world. This should be reducible through improved prevention and control of relevant exposures.The overall GBD study is partly funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The work reported in this paper was partly supported by funding from the World Health Organization. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing of the report. The authors had access to the data in the study and the final responsibility to submit the paper.publishedVersio
Jubelåret og odelsretten: Om naturalisering av eiendomsrett og arverett
Get PDF«Plötsligt sitter man der, i arvingen Istvans kök.»
I det svenske TV-programmet Okjänd arving oppsøker to journalister arvinger som knapt har hatt en relasjon til avdøde, som ikke vet om dødsfallet og som derfor ikke har meldt seg for å gjøre krav på boet. Journalistene leter lenge og finner til slutt Istvan, som ble igjen i Tsjekkoslovakia med moren da faren flyktet i 1968. Han får 700 000 euro. Det er ingen refleksjon over rettferdighet, eller hvorfor akkurat denne personen skal få alle pengene og ikke samfunnet som tok imot faren som flyktning, for ikke å snakke om farens naboer, hans nærmeste vennekrets eller de som pleiet han da han ble syk. Arv basert på slektskap er tatt for gitt.acceptedVersio
An Empirical Investigation of Performance Overhead in Cross-Platform Mobile Development Frameworks
Get PDFThe heterogeneity of the leading mobile platforms in terms of user interfaces, user experience, programming language, and ecosystem have made cross-platform development frameworks popular. These aid the creation of mobile applications – apps – that can be executed across the target platforms (typically Android and iOS) with minimal to no platform-specific code. Due to the cost- and time-saving possibilities introduced through adopting such a framework, researchers and practitioners alike have taken an interest in the underlying technologies. Examining the body of knowledge, we, nonetheless, frequently encounter discussions on the drawbacks of these frameworks, especially with regard to the performance of the apps they generate. Motivated by the ongoing discourse and a lack of empirical evidence, we scrutinised the essential piece of the cross-platform frameworks: the bridge enabling cross-platform code to communicate with the underlying operating system and device hardware APIs. The study we present in the article benchmarks and measures the performance of this bridge to reveal its associated overhead in Android apps. The development of the artifacts for this experiment was conducted using five cross-platform development frameworks to generate Android apps, in addition to a baseline native Android app implementation. Our results indicate that – for Android apps – the use of cross-platform frameworks for the development of mobile apps may lead to decreased performance compared to the native development approach. Nevertheless, certain cross-platform frameworks can perform equally well or even better than native on certain metrics which highlights the importance of well-defined technical requirements and specifications for deliberate selection of a cross-platform framework or overall development approach.publishedVersio
Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Get PDFBackground: Past research in population health trends has shown that injuries form a substantial burden of population health loss. Regular updates to injury burden assessments are critical. We report Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 Study estimates on morbidity and mortality for all injuries.
Methods: We reviewed results for injuries from the GBD 2017 study. GBD 2017 measured injury-specific mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) using the Cause of Death Ensemble model. To measure non-fatal injuries, GBD 2017 modelled injury-specific incidence and converted this to prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). YLLs and YLDs were summed to calculate disability-adjusted life years (DALYs).
Findings: In 1990, there were 4 260 493 (4 085 700 to 4 396 138) injury deaths, which increased to 4 484 722 (4 332 010 to 4 585 554) deaths in 2017, while age-standardised mortality decreased from 1079 (1073 to 1086) to 738 (730 to 745) per 100 000. In 1990, there were 354 064 302 (95% uncertainty interval: 338 174 876 to 371 610 802) new cases of injury globally, which increased to 520 710 288 (493 430 247 to 547 988 635) new cases in 2017. During this time, age-standardised incidence decreased non-significantly from 6824 (6534 to 7147) to 6763 (6412 to 7118) per 100 000. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALYs decreased from 4947 (4655 to 5233) per 100 000 to 3267 (3058 to 3505).
Interpretation: Injuries are an important cause of health loss globally, though mortality has declined between 1990 and 2017. Future research in injury burden should focus on prevention in high-burden populations, improving data collection and ensuring access to medical care.publishedVersio
Assessment of Norwegian physicians’ knowledge, experience and attitudes towards medical cannabis
Get PDFBackground
Medicinal cannabis (MC) has been used extensively throughout history. However, its criminalization in the United States in 1937 spurred the international community to follow suit, including Norway. Despite being reintroduced as a medical treatment in many countries in recent years, the use of MC in Norway is confined to a select few patient groups, and medical specialists must formally apply for authorization from the Norwegian authorities to prescribe the drug.
Objective
To assess Norwegian physicians’ perceived knowledge of, experience with, and attitudes towards MC.
Methods
A cross-sectional survey consisting of 31 closed-ended items captured physicians’ perceived knowledge of, experience with, and attitudes towards this treatment.
Results
A total of 102 physicians participated in this study. Physicians generally agreed that MC is a legitimate treatment option (n = 45, 44.1%), that it represents a therapeutic agent for treating cancer and chemotherapy-induced side effects (n = 88, 86%), and that it has the potential to reduce unnecessary opioid use in patients with chronic pain (n = 40, 39.2%). Statistically significant differences were found between subgroups in the sample in terms of years of practice, specialty, age, country the medical diploma was obtained from, and practice type.
Conclusions
This study found acceptance of cannabis as a therapeutic agent as well as acceptance towards MC being introduced by prescription in Norway. Further large-scale in-depth studies on provider perspectives towards MC are warranted.publishedVersio
Stability of Individuals’ Definitions of Success and the Influence of Perceived Motivational Climate: A Longitudinal Perspective
Get PDFIn the present study, we investigated the stability and malleability of cadets’ definitions
of success (mastery and performance goal orientations) contextualized within a certain
motivational climate (mastery and performance climates). Based on data from three
military academies, the results revealed that cadets’ goal orientations and their
perceptions of the motivational climate remained relatively stable throughout the
2 years of study across three time-points. We also found that a mastery climate
predicted individual mastery orientation, and that a performance climate predicted
individual performance orientation. These findings contribute to achievement goal theory
by clarifying the importance of considering goal orientation contextualized within a
certain motivational climate over time. Implications for future research and practice
are discussed.publishedVersio
Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17
Get PDFBackground
Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a form of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) for diarrhoea that has the
potential to drastically reduce child mortality; yet, according to UNICEF estimates, less than half of children younger than 5 years with diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) received ORS in 2016. A variety of recommended home fluids (RHF) exist as alternative forms of ORT; however, it is unclear whether RHF prevent child mortality. Previous studies have shown considerable variation between countries in ORS and RHF use, but subnational variation is unknown. This study aims to produce high-resolution geospatial estimates of relative and absolute coverage of ORS, RHF, and ORT (use of either ORS or RHF) in LMICs.
Methods
We used a Bayesian geostatistical model including 15 spatial covariates and data from 385 household surveys across 94 LMICs to estimate annual proportions of children younger than 5 years of age with diarrhoea who received ORS or RHF (or both) on continuous continent-wide surfaces in 2000–17, and aggregated results to policy-relevant administrative units. Additionally, we analysed geographical inequality in coverage across administrative units and estimated the number of diarrhoeal deaths averted by increased coverage over the study period. Uncertainty in the mean coverage estimates was calculated by taking 250 draws from the posterior joint distribution of the model and creating uncertainty intervals (UIs) with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of those 250 draws.
Findings
While ORS use among children with diarrhoea increased in some countries from 2000 to 2017, coverage
remained below 50% in the majority (62·6%; 12 417 of 19 823) of second administrative-level units and an estimated 6519000 children (95% UI 5 254000–7733 000) with diarrhoea were not treated with any form of ORT in 2017. Increases in ORS use corresponded with declines in RHF in many locations, resulting in relatively constant overall ORT coverage from 2000 to 2017. Although ORS was uniformly distributed subnationally in some countries, withincountry geographical inequalities persisted in others; 11 countries had at least a 50% difference in one of their units compared with the country mean. Increases in ORS use over time were correlated with declines in RHF use and in diarrhoeal mortality in many locations, and an estimated 52230 diarrhoeal deaths (36910–68860) were averted by scaling up of ORS coverage between 2000 and 2017. Finally, we identified key subnational areas in Colombia, Nigeria, and Sudan as examples of where diarrhoeal mortality remains higher than average, while ORS coverage remains lower than average.
Interpretation
To our knowledge, this study is the first to produce and map subnational estimates of ORS, RHF, and
ORT coverage and attributable child diarrhoeal deaths across LMICs from 2000 to 2017, allowing for tracking progress over time. Our novel results, combined with detailed subnational estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality, can support subnational needs assessments aimed at furthering policy makers’ understanding of within-country disparities. Over 50 years after the discovery that led to this simple, cheap, and life-saving therapy, large gains in reducing mortality could still be made by reducing geographical inequalities in ORS coverage.publishedVersio
Kommunikasjon og motivasjon under organisatoriske endringsprosesser
Get PDFFokuset i denne bacheloren er på hvordan kommunikasjon kan fremme motivasjon og aksept
for organisatoriske endringer. Undersøkelsen viser at kommunikasjon er viktig for
motivasjon, men at det også er andre forhold som påvirker motivasjonen i stor grad utenom
kommunikasjon. Funnene viser at kommunikasjonen bør være formell, tydelig, kollektiv og
inneholde tilbakemeldinger. Dette er ikke er like fremtredende og foreliggende i
organisasjonen. Selv med disse mangler er det svært stor tillit til leder og hans fremtreden i
prosessen, noe som i seg selv skaper motivasjon og aksept på Kompetansesenteret Vy- tog.
Jeg gikk inn i undersøkelsene med en forventing om hva jeg kom til å finne. Dette viste seg
fort å være feil, og gav meg en analyseprosess med noen konklusjoner jeg ikke hadde
forventet.
Risikoen med dette prosjektet er at jeg går inn med mye kunnskap om bedriften. Erfaringer
jeg har opparbeidet meg kan ha påvirket resultatet og fokuset mitt i forbindelse med
undersøkelsen.
Styrken med undersøkelsen er at den belyser gjennom teori, og egne utsagt fra de som deltar i
denne om kommunikasjon har så stor verdi som teorien presenterer, og om det er med på å
skape motivasjon. Gjennom undersøkelsen har jeg fått frem om teorien stemmer med
opplevde ønsker og behov fra de ansatte som selv står oppi, og har opplevd organisatoriske
endringer. Jeg hadde også lett tilgang på informanter og organisasjonen.
Svakheten som viser seg med problemstillingen er at organisatoriske endringer er et stort og
krevende felt. Det å avgrense det til kun kommunikasjon og motivasjon for de ansatte
gjennom leders fokus kan bringe frem en veldig liten del av virkeligheten som befinner seg i
slike prosesser. Det kvalitative designet og valget av informanter gjør at resultatene ikke er
generaliserbare. En annen svakhet som viste seg tydelig underveis var at min tidligere
ansettelse medførte et tillitsforhold som gjorde det vanskelig for informantene å skille den
tidligere kollegiale rollen fra forsker rollen