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A Novel Architectural Framework on IoT Ecosystem, Security Aspects and Mechanisms: A Comprehensive Survey
Get PDFFor the past few years, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology continues to not only gain popularity and importance, but also witnesses the true realization of everything being smart. With the advent of the concept of smart everything, IoT has emerged as an area of great potential and incredible growth. An IoT ecosystem centers around innovation perspective which is considered as its fundamental core. Accordingly, IoT enabling technologies such as hardware and software platforms as well as standards become the core of the IoT ecosystem. However, any large-scale technological integration such as the IoT development poses the challenge to ensure secure data transmission. Perhaps, the ubiquitous and the resource-constrained nature of IoT devices and the sensitive and private data being generated by IoT systems make them highly vulnerable to physical and cyber threats. In this paper, we re-define an IoT ecosystem from the core technologies view point. We propose a modified three layer IoT architecture by dividing the perception layer into elementary blocks based on their attributed functions. Enabling technologies, attacks and security countermeasures are classified under each layer of the proposed architecture. Additionally, to give the readers a broader perspective of the research area, we discuss the role of various state-of-the-art emerging technologies in the IoT security. We present the security aspects of the most prominent standards and other recently developed technologies for IoT which might have the potential to form the yet undefined IoT architecture. Among the technologies presented in this article, we give a special interest to one recent technology in IoT domain. This technology is named IQRF that stands for Intelligent Connectivity using Radio Frequency. It is an emerging technology for wireless packet-oriented communication that operates in sub-GHz ISM band (868 MHz) and which is intended for general use where wireless connectivity is needed, either in a mesh network or point-to-point (P2P) configuration. We also highlighted the security aspects implemented in this technology and we compare it with the other already known technologies. Moreover, a detailed discussion on the possible attacks is presented. These attacks are projected on the IoT technologies presented in this article including IQRF. In addition, lightweight security solutions, implemented in these technologies, to counter these threats in the proposed IoT ecosystem architecture are also presented. Lastly, we summarize the survey by listing out some common challenges and the future research directions in this field.publishedVersio
En kvalitativ studie av rekruttererens arbeid med kjønnsbalanse i rekrutteringsprosessen
Get PDFFormålet med denne oppgaven var å undersøke hvordan rekrutterere i Norge arbeider med
kjønnsbalanse i rekrutteringsprosessen. Mer spesifikt, rekrutterere som arbeider i
rekrutteringsselskaper med erfaring rundt rekruttering av ledere, toppledere og
fagspesialister. I all hovedsak ønsket vi å gjøre et bidrag til et mye omdiskutert, men lite
utforsket tema i den forstand. Oppgaven tar utgangspunkt i datamateriale innhentet basert på
informasjon fra rekrutterere som arbeider i norske rekrutteringsselskaper, samt en omfattende
litteraturgjennomgang på temaer knyttet til problemstillingen. Oppgavens problemstilling
lyder som følger:
Hvordan arbeider rekrutteringsselskaper med kjønnsbalanse i rekrutteringsprosessen?
For å svare på valgt problemstilling har vi benyttet oss av kvalitative metoder. Innsamlet
datamateriale er gjennomført ved hjelp av det kvalitative forskningsintervjuet med et
eksplorativt design. Studien baserer seg på et utvalg av seks rekrutterere som jobber i fem
ulike rekrutteringsselskaper. Ved bruk av tematisk analyse kom vi frem til tre ulike temaer
som var gjennomgående i datamaterialet; Kunden som påvirkningsfaktor, Eksterne
påvirkningsfaktorer og Intern praksis.
Studien antyder at rekrutteringsselskaper aktivt arbeider for kjønnsbalanse i
rekrutteringsprosessen gjennom interne praksiser, likevel havner dette i konflikt med kundens
preferanser som går utenfor de vanlige rammene av hva kravspesifikasjoner skal inneholde.
Dette ser ut til å gå ut over rekrutteringsprosessens systematisering for å ansette rett kandidat.
Det antydes videre en distansering fra tematikken på bakgrunn av påvirkningsfaktorer som
arbeidsmarked og samfunnstrender. Avslutningsvis tyder funnene på at det er et paradoks
mellom kjønnsbalanse i prosess og kjønnsbalanse i avdeling
Leveraging Twitter data to understand the dynamics of social media interactions on cryptocurrencies
Get PDFRapid technological change in the last decades has led to the emergence of new platforms and fields such as cryptocurrencies and social media data. Cryptocurrencies are decentralized digital currencies that use blockchain technology to create a secure and decentralized environment. In the decade since the inception of social media, it has created revolutions and connected people with interests. Social media platforms such as Twitter allow users worldwide to share opinions, emotions, and news. Twitter is one of the most used social media platforms worldwide. The social media platform has millions of users where tweets are continuously shared every second. Therefore, tweets are useful when a large amount of data is generated to conduct a social media analysis. In addition, Twitter is broadly utilized by investors and financial analysts to gather valuable information. Several studies have shown that the content posted on Twitter can predict the movement of cryptocurrency prices. However, limited research has been conducted on the dynamics of Twitter interactions on cryptocurrencies among users. By leveraging 1724328 tweets, this research aims to understand the dynamics of social media users’ interactions on cryptocurrencies. Essentially by shedding light on larger cryptocurrencies contrary to smaller. The findings reveal that Twitter users are more positive than negative about cryptocurrencies. The analysis also shows an existing relationship between events and the interaction of users, where cryptocurrency-related events shift the emotion, sentiment, and discussion topics of the users. The thesis contributes to demonstrating the effectiveness of the Social set analysis framework to analyze and visualize a massive amount of social media data and user-generated data created on social media platforms such as Twitter
IoT for Diabetics: Exploring IoT Adoption Issues
Get PDFAn increasing problem worldwide is the number of people living with and dying of critical,
chronic diseases. One of these diseases is type 1 diabetes, which, as of today, is uncurable yet
treatable through careful and precise monitoring. Using the Internet of Things (IoT) is one of
the most efficient ways to monitor diabetes and is also said to improve the life-quality of people
with diabetes. However, the great potential of IoT in diabetes treatment is followed by various
challenged factors regarding privacy and security. Cyberattacks can affect not only the
individual patient but everyone connected to the IT infrastructure of the hacked device. Existing
reports show cyberattacks against the Norwegian healthcare sector have increased by 72% over
the last year, resulting in about 450 attacks each week. Still, diabetic patients tend to trust their
devices to be safe and are willing to take the risk as they consider their medical data as not
interesting to cybercriminals. Healthcare personnel's lack of knowledge about information
security and privacy best practice is reported to be an entry point for cybercriminals to gain
access to critical IT systems. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the
potentially improved life-quality from using diabetes IoT and the challenges regarding privacy
and cyberthreats, including the perspective of three different Norwegian stakeholder groups:
diabetic patients (type 1), healthcare personnel working with diabetes patients, and industry
representatives within healthcare and security. Findings suggest that neither patients nor
healthcare personnel is concerned about patient privacy or threats against diabetes IoT, despite
the increased cyberthreats in the healthcare sector. It further indicates a pressing matter for a
discussion about data ownership generated by IoT and a revision of privacy regulations that
make it easier for all Norwegian healthcare regions to interpret, comply, and act upon equally,
to utilize the technology available and ensure diabetes patients all over the country have the
same opportunities when it comes to patient care
makt og mening i ledelse som praksis: En kvalitativ masteroppgave med problemstillingen: «Hvilke faktorer påvirker balansegangen mellom maktbruk og meningsskaping i et ledelse som praksis perspektiv?»
Get PDFFremgangsmåten til innsamling av empiri er basert på nivåer av grounded theory. Oppgaven befinner seg på det første nivået, som ikke fokuserer på teorigenerering, men i stedet å finne et grunnlag som man kan generere nye teorier fra i senere studier.
Problemstillingen «hvilke faktorer påvirker maktbruk og meningsskaping i et ledelse-som-praksis perspektiv?» tar utgangspunkt i at maktbruk og meningsskaping er en og samme handling dersom handlingen utspringer fra den formelle lederen. Handlingen refereres til som makt/meningshandlingen. Årsaken til at de to begrepene ses som én handling, er at en formell leder vil alltid ha muligheten til å bruke makt når hun trigger mening. Makten ligger latent i den meningsskapingen hun trigger. Oppgaven skiller i utgangspunktet teoretisk mellom ledertrigget og sosialt skapt mening basert på et kritisk syn på ledelse, men finner at makten ikke alltid ligger i den formelle lederstillingen ved hjelp av refleksiv fortolkning. Oppgaven viser at kompetanse hos medarbeiderne kan ses som en maktressurs som gjør at makt/meningshandlingen ligger hos medarbeiderne frem til det skjer et brudd i konsistens av problemløsende atferd. Først da skjer det et skifte som gjør at handlingen ligger hos lederen, men kun sosialt, gjennom at lederen ikke deler beslutningsmakt med medarbeideren.
Oppgaven finner at tillit er den mest grunnleggende faktoren som påvirker balansegangen mellom makt og meningsskaping. Tillitsdannelse på jobb er forankret i tidlige sosiale erfaringer som grunnlag. Identitetspraktisering, der identitet kobles til sosial gruppeteori, ses som en driver i en mer kompleks og praksisforankret tillitsdannelse i arbeidssfæren. Fordi tillit er den mest sentrale faktoren, inviterer det til en ny tolkning av makt. Oppgaven konkluderer med at forståelsen av makt som ressurskontroll er belastet av økonomisk teori og dermed ikke en bærekraftig forståelse av makt i ledelse-som-praksis. Makt ses i stedet som et fenomen av psykologisk størrelse, fordi tillit og mistillit determinerer hvordan makt deles mellom individer. Oppgaven viser en løs kobling mellom makt og ignorering av kroppslige behov av frykt for å ikke rekke gjøremål, gjennom å se makt i lys av autonomi og frihet. Dette danner grunnlaget for forslag til videre forskning, der det foreslås å se makt som et psykologisk fenomen i en temporal dimensjon, hvor frykt skapes av en følelse av tidsnød som følge av sosiale handlingsmønstre
Toward a Cognitive-Inspired Hashtag Recommendation for Twitter Data Analysis
Get PDFAbstract:
This research investigates hashtag suggestions in a heterogeneous and huge social network, as well as a cognitive-based deep learning solution based on distributed knowledge graphs. Community detection is first performed to find the connected communities in a vast and heterogeneous social network. The knowledge graph is subsequently generated for each discovered community, with an emphasis on expressing the semantic relationships among the Twitter platform’s user communities. Each community is trained with the embedded deep learning model. To recommend hashtags for the new user in the social network, the correlation between the tweets of such user and the knowledge graph of each community is explored to set the relevant communities of such user. The models of the relevant communities are used to infer the hashtags of the tweets of such users. We conducted extensive testing to demonstrate the usefulness of our methods on a variety of tweet collections. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is more efficient than the baseline approaches in terms of both runtime and accuracy.acceptedVersio
Intelligent Deep Fusion Network for Anomaly Identification in Maritime Transportation Systems
Get PDFAbstract:
This paper introduces a novel deep learning architecture for identifying outliers in the context of intelligent transportation systems. The use of a convolutional neural network with decomposition is explored to find abnormal behavior in maritime data. The set of maritime data is first decomposed into similar clusters containing homogeneous data, and then a convolutional neural network is used for each data cluster. Different models are trained (one per cluster), and each model is learned from highly correlated data. Finally, the results of the models are merged using a simple but efficient fusion strategy. To verify the performance of the proposed framework, intensive experiments were conducted on marine data. The results show the superiority of the proposed framework compared to the baseline solutions in terms of several accuracy metrics.acceptedVersio
Hematology reference intervals in 6-12-year-old children: the health-oriented pedagogical project (HOPP)
Get PDFReference intervals are essential for correct interpretation of laboratory test results, supporting clinicians in distinguishing between healthy and sick individuals. The present study aims to establish pediatric reference intervals for hematological parameters based on a large population of healthy schoolchildren. Blood samples were obtained from 1351 children 6–12 years of age participating in the Health-Oriented Pedagogical Project (HOPP). Reference intervals for hematological parameters were estimated by the nonparametric method following the CLSI C28-A3 guidelines. Reference intervals were estimated as 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles with corresponding 90% confidence intervals. While hematocrit and MCV required age and sex partitioning, hemoglobin and erythrocytes were partitioned for age. The remaining parameters, MCH, MCHC, platelets and white blood cell counts did not require partitioning. While red blood cell parameters exhibited an increasing trend with age, there was a slight decrease in leukocytes, lymphocytes, basophils and platelets with age. The remaining parameters were stable across our age span.publishedVersio
Assessing performance of the Healthcare Access and Quality Index, overall and by select age groups, for 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Get PDFBackground
Health-care needs change throughout the life course. It is thus crucial to assess whether health systems provide access to quality health care for all ages. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019), we measured the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index overall and for select age groups in 204 locations from 1990 to 2019.
Methods
We distinguished the overall HAQ Index (ages 0–74 years) from scores for select age groups: the young (ages 0–14 years), working (ages 15–64 years), and post-working (ages 65–74 years) groups. For GBD 2019, HAQ Index construction methods were updated to use the arithmetic mean of scaled mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) and risk-standardised death rates (RSDRs) for 32 causes of death that should not occur in the presence of timely, quality health care. Across locations and years, MIRs and RSDRs were scaled from 0 (worst) to 100 (best) separately, putting the HAQ Index on a different relative scale for each age group. We estimated absolute convergence for each group on the basis of whether the HAQ Index grew faster in absolute terms between 1990 and 2019 in countries with lower 1990 HAQ Index scores than countries with higher 1990 HAQ Index scores and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. SDI is a summary metric of overall development.
Findings
Between 1990 and 2019, the HAQ Index increased overall (by 19·6 points, 95% uncertainty interval 17·9–21·3), as well as among the young (22·5, 19·9–24·7), working (17·2, 15·2–19·1), and post-working (15·1, 13·2–17·0) age groups. Large differences in HAQ Index scores were present across SDI levels in 2019, with the overall index ranging from 30·7 (28·6–33·0) on average in low-SDI countries to 83·4 (82·4–84·3) on average in highSDI countries. Similarly large ranges between low-SDI and high-SDI countries, respectively, were estimated in the HAQ Index for the young (40·4–89·0), working (33·8–82·8), and post-working (30·4–79·1) groups. Absolute convergence in HAQ Index was estimated in the young group only. In contrast, divergence was estimated among the working and post-working groups, driven by slow progress in low-SDI countries.
Interpretation
Although major gaps remain across levels of social and economic development, convergence in the young group is an encouraging sign of reduced disparities in health-care access and quality. However, divergence in the working and post-working groups indicates that health-care access and quality is lagging at lower levels of social and economic development. To meet the needs of ageing populations, health systems need to improve health-care access and quality for working-age adults and older populations while continuing to realise gains among the young.publishedVersio
The burden of mental disorders, substance use disorders and self-harm among young people in Europe, 1990–2019: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Get PDFSummary Background Mental health is a public health issue for European young people, with great heterogeneity in resource allocation. Representative population-based studies are needed. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 provides internationally comparable information on trends in the health status of populations and changes in the leading causes of disease burden over time. Methods Prevalence, incidence, Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) and Years of Life Lost (YLLs) from mental disorders (MDs), substance use disorders (SUDs) and self-harm were estimated for young people aged 10-24 years in 31 European countries. Rates per 100,000 population, percentage changes in 1990-2019, 95% Uncertainty Intervals (UIs), and correlations with Sociodemographic Index (SDI), were estimated. Findings In 2019, rates per 100,000 population were 16,983 (95% UI 12,823 – 21,630) for MDs, 3,891 (3,020 - 4,905) for SUDs, and 89·1 (63·8 - 123·1) for self-harm. In terms of disability, anxiety contributed to 647·3 (432–912·3) YLDs, while in terms of premature death, self-harm contributed to 319·6 (248·9–412·8) YLLs, per 100,000 population. Over the 30 years studied, YLDs increased in eating disorders (14·9%;9·4-20·1) and drug use disorders (16·9%;8·9-26·3), and decreased in idiopathic developmental intellectual disability (–29·1%;23·8-38·5). YLLs decreased in self-harm (–27·9%;38·3-18·7). Variations were found by sex, age-group and country. The burden of SUDs and self-harm was higher in countries with lower SDI, MDs were associated with SUDs. Interpretation Mental health conditions represent an important burden among young people living in Europe. National policies should strengthen mental health, with a specific focus on young people.publishedVersio