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Interpretable intrusion detection for next generation of Internet of Things
No full textThis paper presents a new framework for intrusion detection in the next-generation Internet of Things. MinMax normalization strategy is used to collect and preprocess data. The Marine Predator algorithm is then used to select relevant features to be used in the learning process. The selected features are then trained with an advanced and state-of-the-art recurrent neural network that includes an attention mechanism. Finally, Shapely values are calculated to determine how much each feature contributes to the final output. The dataset NSL-KDD was used for intensive simulations. The results show the advantages of the proposed system as well as its superiority over state-of-the-art methods. In fact, the proposed solution achieved a rate of more than 94% for both true negative and true position, while the rates of the existing solutions are below 90% for the challenging NSL-KDD datasets.publishedVersio
Protocol for a 20-year follow-up after a randomized controlled trial of a Mediterranean diet in pregnancy: maternal and offspring risk factors for cardiovascular disease
Full text linkBackground: An inadequate maternal diet during pregnancy can impair offspring health and may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease later in life. The purpose of the proposed study is to assess the risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease in both mothers and their offspring 20 years following their participation in a Mediterranean diet intervention trial during pregnancy.
Methods: The “Cardiovascular Risk Reduction Diet In Pregnancy” (CARRDIP) study was a randomized controlled trial performed between 1999 and 2001. The participants were randomized to adhere to either a Mediterranean diet or their regular diet during pregnancy. An extensive amount of data such as diet information, ultrasound measurements, anthropometry, and biomarkers from these mothers during pregnancy and their offspring in the neonatal period were collected. The mother–offspring pairs (n = 269) from the CARRDIP study will be invited to participate in a clinical examination and blood sample collection. This follow-up study, conducted 20 years after the original CARRDIP study, will investigate cardiovascular risk factors in mothers and offspring. The primary outcome will be the blood pressure of the offspring. In addition, the study will explore various aspects of cardiovascular health, including metabolic and inflammatory status, clinical history, and body composition of the participants.
Discussion: Previous studies investigating the effects of nutrition during pregnancy on maternal and offspring health have been either observational studies, animal studies, or randomized controlled trials with a follow-up period of less than 5 years. This project aims to study the long-term effects of dietary intervention during pregnancy on maternal and offspring cardiovascular risk markers.publishedVersio
Veien mot en sunnere balanse i det grenseløse arbeidsliv
Full text linkLedere skal lede andre, men klarer de å lede seg selv? I en tid der det stilles stadig høye krav og
forventninger til å konstant være påkoblet og tilgjengelig, ser en at ledere står overfor utfordringer når det
kommer til å finne tid og balanse mellom arbeidslivet og privatlivet. Utviklingen av teknologien har også gitt
mennesker et konstant tidspress og større krav om tilgjengelighet.
Denne masteroppgaven har til hensikt å undersøke lederes forhold til selvledelse og hvilke strategier og
tilnærminger de bruker for å utøve selvledelse og superledelse. Oppgaven er basert på et kvalitativt studie
hvor det er innhentet empiri gjennom intervju med åtte ledere, med ulike stillinger og fra ulike organisasjoner.
Lederne har gitt verdifull empiri og funn som har gitt oppgaven svar på hvordan ledere bedriver selvledelse
og superledelse, og hvilke strategier de anvender for å kunne skape bedre balanse i livet.
Det fremkommer at den viktigste strategien for lederne når det kom til selvledelse var hvordan de regulerte sin egen fysiologi, ved å ta vare på egen velvære gjennom blant annet aktivitet og trening, og mentale
metoder for å koble av fra en stressende hverdag. Selvledelse bidrar også til å ta kontroll over sitt eget liv ved
grensesetting og prioritering. Tillit og ansvarsdelegering til de ansatte, bidro også til at ledere i større grad kan
prioritere sin tid og oppnå balanse. Dette gir også de ansatte frihet til å handle og ta selvstendige
beslutninger
Accelerating digital transformation in norwegian municipalities: A low-code approach
Full text linkThis thesis investigates the potential of Low-code development for expediting digital transformation in Norwegian municipalities, given the growing demand for digitalization and the "One Digital Public Sector" strategy. Low-code development is a promising approach for addressing the increasing need for software development and the global scarcity of developers by reducing time to market, facilitating rapid transformation, and enhancing agility. Current research primarily focuses on platform providers and the history of Low-code, with limited insights into effectively leveraging this approach, particularly within non-business sectors such as local governments. Our study addresses this gap by examining the practical application of Low-code in Norwegian municipalities.
To thoroughly assess the potential of Low-code development, we employed a multi-method research approach. We first conducted a systematic review of the literature, to inform on current status and guide the design of the study. The next steps of our approach included semi-structured, qualitative interviews with Low-code experts and representatives from various municipalities, the Design Science Research (DSR) methodology for creating a Low-code portal (artifact), and evaluation interviews with municipal employees and Low-code experts to assess the artifact's quality, utility, efficiency, and privacy concerns. This provided valuable insights into the challenges, opportunities, and best practices associated with Low-code adoption in the public sector.
The interviews with different municipalities revealed that Low-code technology has been positively received in general, with larger municipalities leading the adoption of the technology. Smaller municipalities, however, face challenges such as limited IT expertise, resources, and time constraints. We identified inter-municipal IT collaborations as a potential solution to these challenges, facilitating Low-code adoption. The Low-code artifact we developed focused on managing liquor license applications within the Nordre Follo Municipality. The solution proved to be highly effective, demonstrating the potential of Low-code applications within municipal environments. Stakeholder feedback aligned with our assessment, further underscoring the promising role of Low-code in Norwegian municipalities.
The key findings of this thesis suggest that Low-code development can effectively support digital transformation in Norwegian municipalities. Additionally, Low-code platforms can yield substantial improvements in task automation, user experience, and productivity, contributing to the successful digital transformation of Norwegian municipalities.
In summary, this thesis highlights the value of Low-code as an emerging technology for promoting digitalization and digital transformation within Norwegian municipalities. By examining the experiences and perspectives of Low-code experts and various municipalities, our research offers valuable insights that can inform decision-making in both the public and private sectors and contribute to future research on Low-code development and digital transformation. Our study demonstrates that Low-code development has the potential to play an important role in accelerating digital transformation within Norwegian municipalities, enabling them to better address the evolving needs of their citizens while overcoming challenges posed by a rapidly changing digital landscape
Global heart warming: kama muta evoked by climate change messages is associated with intentions to mitigate climate change
Full text linkConcern about climate change is often rooted in sympathy, compassion, and care for nature, living beings, and future generations. Feeling sympathy for others temporarily forms a bond between them and us: we focus on what we have in common and feel a sense of common destiny. Thus, we temporarily experience communal sharing relationships. A sudden intensification in communal sharing evokes an emotion termed kama muta, which may be felt through tearing up, a warm feeling in the chest, or goosebumps. We conducted four pre-registered studies (n = 1,049) to test the relationship between kama muta and proenvironmental attitudes, intentions, and behavior. In each study, participants first reported their attitudes about climate change. Then, they received climate changerelated messages. In Study 1, they saw one of the two moving video clips about environmental concerns. In Study 2, participants listened to a more or less moving version of a story about a typhoon in the Philippines. In Study 3, they listened to a different, also moving version of this story or an unrelated talk. In Study 4, they watched either a factual or a moving video about climate change. Participants then indicated their emotional responses. Finally, they indicated their intentions for climate mitigation actions. In addition, we measured time spent reading about climate-related information (Studies 1, 2, and 4) and donating money (Study 4). Across all studies, we found that feelings of kama muta correlated positively with pro-environmental intentions (r = 0.48 [0.34, 0.62]) and behavior (r = 0.10 [0.0004, 0.20]). However, we did not obtain evidence for an experimental effect of the type of message (moving or neutral) on pro-environmental intentions (d = 0.04 [−0.09, 0.18]), though this relationship was significantly mediated by felt kama muta across Studies 2–4. The relationship was not moderated by prior climate attitudes, which had a main effect on intentions. We also found an indirect effect of condition through kama muta on donation behavior. In sum, our results contribute to the question of whether kama muta evoked by climate-change messages can be a motivating force in efforts at climate-change mitigation.publishedVersio
Hvordan former bærekraftsentreprenører sin entreprenørielle identitet i møte med utfordringer og beslutninger?
Full text linkDenne studien undersøker hvordan identitet og motivasjon er med på å forme identiteten hos bærekraftsentreprenører i møte med utfordringer og beslutninger. World Economic Forum sin risikoanalyse for 2023 (World economic forum 2023) viser at klimaendringer er den største trusselen mot verden. Med utgangspunkt i dette og økende grad av problemstillinger knyttet til bærekraft er vi i dag helt avhengige av enkeltpersoner som viser engasjement og utvikler nye løsninger for fremtidens utfordringer (Joyce og Paquin 2016). Bærekraftig entreprenørskap er et forskningsfelt under stadig utvikling som kreves mer forskning, spesielt innen identitet og motivasjon hos bærekraftige entreprenører (Henry et al. 2023) (Reuther et al. 2023) (Terán-Yépez et al. 2020) (Patzelt og Shepherd 2011). Gjennom mer forskning av dette fenomenet kan det gi en forståelse for hvordan vi kan tilrettelegge for å fremme bærekraftig entreprenørskap. Med bakgrunn i dette har vi gjennom et interpretivistisk “single case study” av åtte bærekraftsentreprenører forsøkt å svare på følgende problemstilling:
“Hvordan former bærekraftsentreprenører sin entreprenørielle identitet i møte med utfordringer og beslutninger?”
Gjennom kvalitative dybdeintervjuer viste funnene at alle entreprenører opplever spenninger knyttet til bærekraft, hvor flertallet av entreprenørene skifter identitet i møte med disse spenningene. Studien indikerer at motivasjon spiller en viktig rolle ved utformingen av identitet, og er en sentral faktor som bør inkluderes i litteraturen om hybride identiteter. Basert på dette har studien utviklet et konseptuelt rammeverk for hybride identiteter som bygger på rammeverket til Cesinger et al. (2022), samt identitetstypene til Fauchart og Gruber (2011). Det konseptuelle rammeverket viser håndteringen av spenninger gjennom selvevaluering, sosial motivasjon, referanseramme, samt ekstern og intern motivasjon. Til slutt bestemmes identitetstypen basert på håndteringen av spenningen som oppstår. Studien avdekker mangel på forskning innenfor bærekraftige identitetstyper, og kan være en forklaring på hvorfor noen kandidater for studien kun innehar én identitstype. I sum gir våre funn implikasjoner på hvor stor påvirkning identiteten til entreprenører har når det kommer til bærekraft i selskapet, og at eksterne faktorer har en stor påvirkningskraft for arbeidet mot en bærekraftig utvikling
Investigating the factors of customer experiences using real-life text-based banking chatbot: a qualitative study in Norway
Full text linkIn recent times, banks have increasingly started using chatbots to offer round-the-clock customer service. However, customers experience with this type of technology is not well understood. The aim of this study was to get an in-depth understanding of factors affecting customer experience with a banking chatbot. Eight participants interacted with a real-life banking chatbot to complete a simple task (order a credit/debit card) and a complex task (apply for a housing loan). Semi-structured interviews were then conducted to examine chatbot-related factors (ease of use, miscommunication errors and human-likeness) and user-related factors (perceptions, future behaviors). The findings indicate that the human-like factors like a human personality, use of emojis, willingness to help, and polite communication style, have a positive impact of customer experience with banking chatbots. The chatbot's ability to understand questions was a critical factor. Miscommunication errors have negative impact, especially when the task is a simple one. Takeaway from this study is that banks should inform customers about the limits of the chatbot's abilities. In addition, they should communicate that the chatbot is safe to use for complex tasks. Successful development and implementation of chatbots for customer service require a customer centric approach from banks.publishedVersio
Reaction Time Variability in Children Is Specifically Associated With Attention Problems and Regional White Matter Microstructure
Full text linkBackground
Increased intraindividual variability (IIV) in reaction times (RTs) has been suggested as a key cognitive and behavioral marker of attention problems, but findings for other dimensions of psychopathology are less consistent. Moreover, while studies have linked IIV to brain white matter microstructure, large studies testing the robustness of these associations are needed.
Methods
We used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study baseline assessment to test the associations between IIV and psychopathology (n = 8622, age = 8.9–11.1 years) and IIV and white matter microstructure (n = 7958, age = 8.9–11.1 years). IIV was investigated using an ex-Gaussian distribution analysis of RTs in correct response go trials in the stop signal task. Psychopathology was measured by the Child Behavior Checklist and a bifactor structural equation model was performed to extract a general p factor and specific factors reflecting internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems. To investigate white matter microstructure, fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity were examined in 23 atlas-based tracts.
Results
Increased IIV in both short and long RTs was positively associated with the specific attention problems factor (Cohen’s d = 0.13 and d = 0.15, respectively). Increased IIV in long RTs was also positively associated with radial diffusivity in the left and right corticospinal tract (both tracts, d = 0.12).
Conclusions
Using a large sample and a data-driven dimensional approach to psychopathology, the results provide novel evidence for a small but specific association between IIV and attention problems in children and support previous findings on the relevance of white matter microstructure for IIV.publishedVersio
Visual processing deficits in patients with schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorders and associations with psychotic symptoms, and intellectual abilities
Full text linkAbstract
Objective
Low-level sensory disruption is hypothesized as a precursor to clinical and cognitive symptoms in severe mental disorders. We compared visual discrimination performance in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder or bipolar disorder with healthy controls, and investigated associations with clinical symptoms and IQ.
Methods
Patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (n = 32), bipolar disorder (n = 55) and healthy controls (n = 152) completed a computerized visual discrimination task. Participants responded whether the latter of two consecutive grids had higher or lower spatial frequency, and discrimination thresholds were estimated using an adaptive maximum likelihood procedure. Case-control differences in threshold were assessed using linear regression, F-test and post-hoc pair-wise comparisons. Linear models were used to test for associations between visual discrimination threshold and psychotic symptoms derived from the PANSS and IQ assessed using the Matrix Reasoning and Vocabulary subtests from the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI).
Results
Robust regression revealed a significant main effect of diagnosis on discrimination threshold (robust F = 6.76, p = .001). Post-hoc comparisons revealed that patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (mean = 14%, SD = 0.08) had higher thresholds compared to healthy controls (mean = 10.8%, SD = 0.07, β = 0.35, t = 3.4, p = .002), as did patients with bipolar disorder (12.23%, SD = 0.07, β = 0.21, t = 2.42, p = .04). There was no significant difference between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia (β = −0.14, t = −1.2, p = .45). Linear models revealed negative associations between IQ and threshold across all participants when controlling for diagnostic group (β = −0.3, t = −3.43, p = .0007). This association was found within healthy controls (t = −3.72, p = .0003) and patients with bipolar disorder (t = −2.53, p = .015), and no significant group by IQ interaction on threshold (F = 0.044, p = .97). There were no significant associations between PANSS domain scores and discrimination threshold.
Conclusion
Patients with schizophrenia spectrum or bipolar disorders exhibited higher visual discrimination thresholds than healthy controls, supporting early visual deficits among patients with severe mental illness. Discrimination threshold was negatively associated with IQ among healthy controls and bipolar disorder patients. These findings elucidate perception-related disease mechanisms in severe mental illness, which warrants replication in independent samples.publishedVersio
A Longitudinal Mixed Methods Study of Norwegian Preservice Teachers’ Beliefs About Sources of Teaching Knowledge and Motivation to Learn From Theory and Practice
Full text linkWe set out to investigate preservice teachers’ beliefs about sources of teaching knowledge and their motivation to learn from practice and theory in teacher education in a longitudinal study (n = 96, at the beginning of the study). Participants placed more trust in experiential knowledge sources compared with formalized sources and participants’ beliefs about sources of teaching knowledge generally predicted their motivation to learn from different sources. Quantitative results were further supported and elaborated by qualitative interview data that suggested development of preservice teachers’ beliefs about sources of teaching knowledge and their understanding of the relation between theoretical and practical knowledge over time. The findings extend existing literature by providing a window on how (preservice) teachers may articulate their views about sources of teaching knowledge and relations between theory and practice, with expected consequences for teaching practice. Implications for teacher educators’ practice are also discussed.publishedVersio