HAL-INRAP
Not a member yet
25817 research outputs found
Sort by
From teeth to seasons: Integrated analysis on ungulate game applied to two late Neanderthals’ contexts in the Italian Alps
No full textInternational audienceHuman-environment interactions and spatio-temporal organization of the activities are of prime importance to decipher Paleolithic way of life. To address this topic, ungulates teeth offer a valuable tool to understand seasonality and extent of site occupation. In this paper, we present the results of the integrated application of two methodologies, dental wear analyses and cementochronology, to molars from cervids (Capreolus capreolus, Cervus elaphus and Megaloceros giganteus) exploited by the Neanderthal groups at Fumane Cave, in the Italian eastern Alps. By focusing on the diet-related meso-and microwear patterns on the teeth's occlusal surface and comparing them with samples from extant ungulates, dental wear analyses characterized the main exploited taxa as browser. This finding carries significant implications for understanding both the paleoenvironmental conditions of the area and Neanderthal subsistence strategy. Notably, the results align with the idea that the Italian peninsula served as a refugium during particularly harsh climatic periods. Moreover, the microwear signal yielded promising results in determining the duration of site occupation and cementum analysis sheds light on seasonality of the human frequentation. These findings shed light on the complexity of animal resource management practiced by Neanderthal groups, highlighting the varied strategies they employed to exploit different taxa. Furthermore, the present study served as a crucial testing ground to assess the reliability of a new multiproxies technique that integrates tooth wear analyses and cementochronology. Combining cementochronology and dental wear analysis enhances data resolution by integrating two complementary approaches. Cementochronology allows us to determine the exact season of death, which is often challenging to ascertain solely from microwear analysisespecially when the variability in microwear signals is low. On the other hand, dental wear analysis provides insights both into the functional aspects of teeth over time and into the duration of the mortality event (i.e. the hunting event in anthropogenic contexts). This combined approach allowed us to doublecheck and validate the results and obtain higher resolution data, overcoming potential gaps in information that may arise from relying on a single technique
Chapter 8. Site 178, 'Ashkawt-î Pîrânân /'Ashkawt-î Mêwa.: The pottery material of Mewe Cave
No full textInternational audienc
Pauvre mais riche, le mobilier des espaces funéraires de Bretagne continentale
No full textInternational audienc
Les dépôts de mobilier dans les tombes d’immatures à l’époque mérovingienne en Champagne-Ardenne (région Grand Est, France)
No full textInternational audienc
Violences interpersonnelles, armements et fortifications entre les XIVe et VIIe siècles av. n. è. en Europe de l’Ouest
No full textInternational audienceAt the end of the Bronze Age, archaeological evidence of inter-community conflict has significantly increased compared to earlier periods. Multifarious direct and indirect evidence testifies the use of a variety of weapons, in particular swords and spears, and “war machines” (for example, chariots), as well as an increase of their production and technological developments. The defensive equipment (cuirasses, helmets, shields) suggests the use of standardized panoplies. Some sites were protected with walls, and anthropological traces of interpersonal violence and, much rarer, possible battlefields, are also documented. These phenomena are the expression of social and political events with historical significance, which seem to manifest contemporarily throughout Europe. These events have recently been examined in a collective synthesis, providing an overview of violence for the various stages of the Bronze Age. In this article, we propose to extend this task to the Early Iron Age. In fact, during this period, various social status indicators seem to be decreasing, while burials of men in arms (warriors) appear prominently in the 8th and 7th centuries BCE. By analysing these data over the long period from the 13th to the 7th centuries BCE, we can examine how western European societies organised warfare, weaponry, and violence, whether real or implied.La fin de l’âge du Bronze montre un accroissement des indices de conflits intercommunautaires. Les témoignages directs et indirects sont divers et illustrent un armement abondant et varié, en particulier l’épée et la lance dont la production s’accroît en même temps que ses évolutions technologiques, ou les machines de guerre (comme les chars). Les équipements défensifs en métal (cuirasses, casques, boucliers) mettent en évidence de véritables panoplies s’appuyant sur des normes. Des sites sont protégés derrière des remparts, dont quelques-uns sont le siège de combats ; des traces de violences interpersonnelles et des éventuels champs de bataille, plus rares, sont aussi documentés. Ces phénomènes traduisent des faits sociaux et politiques, à la portée historique évidente, qui semblent montrer un même tempo à l’échelle de l’Europe. Ces évènements ont été interrogés récemment lors d’un travail collectif de synthèse permettant de faire un bilan et des propositions pour les différentes étapes de l’âge du Bronze. Nous nous proposons, dans cet article, d’étendre ce bilan au début de l’âge du Fer. En effet, durant cette période, ces différents indicateurs sociaux semblent décroître alors que des sépultures d’hommes en armes augmentent dans le cortège des inhumés des VIIIe et VIIe siècles av. n. è. L’analyse de ces données, sur le temps long du XIIIe au VIIe siècles av. n. è., permet finalement d’interroger l’organisation des sociétés de l’ouest de l’Europe autour de la guerre, des équipements et de la violence, réelle ou suggérée
L’armement en Gaule méditerranéenne du Ve au IIe siècle av. n. è.
No full textInternational audienceThe theme of weaponry and armed conflict during the Second Iron Age in Mediterranean France has undergone a major revival over the last twenty years, thanks to new discoveries during excavations (ritual deposits, tombs, etc.). The article begins with an overview of the weapons and war equipment found between the Alps and the Pyrenees between the 5th and 2nd centuries BC, highlighting the preponderance of Latenian weaponry but also the use of objects of Mediterranean origin. This panorama highlights significant collections of weapons from specific contexts linked directly or indirectly to war events and conflicts (Martigues, Roquepertuse, Le Cailar, Roubion, etc.). Some sites, particularly in the Marseilles region, have provided primary contexts of armed conflict in the form of layers of destruction with exogenous weaponry, whose weapons and interpretations are reviewed. In other contexts, the weapons were the subject of a variety of ritual practices, including display, transformation and deposition for political and religious reasons. Interpreting these contexts is not easy, and in many cases it remains difficult to determine the actors and causes, or to envisage their possible links with military events mentioned in historical texts.Le thème de l’armement et des conflits armés au Second âge du Fer en France méditerranéenne a été fortement renouvelé depuis vingt ans avec les découvertes en fouille (dépôts rituels, tombes, etc.). L’article livre d’abord un état des lieux des armes et équipements guerriers attestés entre Alpes et Pyrénées du Ve au IIe s. av. n. è., qui met en évidence la prépondérance de l’armement laténien mais aussi l’utilisation d'objets d'origine méditerranéenne. Ce panorama met en relief des ensembles d'armes conséquents issus de contextes spécifiques liés de façon directe ou indirecte à des faits guerriers et des conflits (Martigues, Roquepertuse, Le Cailar, Roubion, etc.),. Certains sites, en particulier dans la région de Marseille, ont livré des contextes primaires de conflit armé sous la forme de couches de destruction avec des armements exogènes, dont les armes et les interprétations sont passés en revue. Dans d'autres, les armes ont fait l’objet de pratiques rituelles variées, intégrant l'exposition, des transformations et des dépôts effectués pour des raisons politiques et religieuses. L’interprétation de ces contextes n’est pas aisée, et il reste difficile dans de nombreux cas d’en déterminer les acteurs et les causes, ou d’envisager leurs liens éventuels avec des évènements militaires mentionnés par les textes historiques
Technical Traditions and Cultural Mosaic in the Neolithization of Mediterranean Iberia:Contributions from the chaîne operatoire of Spanish Levantine rock art pigments
No full textInternational audienceThe chronological framework of Spanish Levantine rock art has primarily been constructed through the typological analysis of human figures, which exhibit greater variability than animal motifs. This variability appears to stem from both temporal changes and regional influences. The resulting sequence is highly complex, with notable formal variations within each stylistic horizon. However, in the absence of absolute dating, establishing connections between these horizons and defining theirchronological and territorial relationships remains challenging.Until now, research has focused exclusively on parameters related to figure design, associating the concept of style strictly with formal attributes. The technical dimension—encompassing the entire operational sequence from the acquisition of raw coloring materials to the processing and application of pigments—has been entirely overlooked, despite its potential to provide valuable insights. Operational sequences serve as a crucial link between material culture and the societiesthat produced these paintings. The artificial separation of form and technique raises important questions about the definition of technical traditions in Levantine rock art, their temporal and spatial dynamics, and their connection to the complex cultural mosaic that emerged with the spread of Neolithic societies across the Iberian Mediterranean basin from the 6th millennium cal BCE.Building on this perspective, we have implemented new analytical protocols that comprehensively address all stages of the painting process. These protocols encompass the study of coloring material provenance and composition through a physicochemical and mineralogical characterization approach (SEM-EDS, Raman, and PIXE), alongside the examination of processing and application techniques by analyzing the morphology of pigment crystals and the structure of the pictorial layer.The statistical analysis of data collected at each stage and across different analytical perspectives allows us to explore key aspects of the Levantine rock art stylistic sequence. Specifically, we investigate the potential correlation between formal variability and operational sequences, as well as their temporal dynamics. This approach enables us to identify distinct technical traditions within the Levantine sequence and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the transmission of technicalknowledge
Stocker les productions agricoles en Languedoc méditerranéen protohistorique : les greniers du site de La Monédière à Bessan (Hérault) à la fin du premier âge du Fer
No full textInternational audienceStoring agricultural produce in protohistoric Mediterranean Languedoc: the granaries at the La Monédière site in Bessan (Hérault) at the end of the First Iron AgeExcavations carried out over the past ten years in the lower Hérault valley at the La Monédière settlement site in Bessan have revealed the existence of several overhead mounding structures for the late First Iron Age (6th-5th c. BC). Two types of quadrangular granaries with raised platforms coexisted within the settlement, even within the living quarters: small-scale constructions on post-pilotis, widespread in Celtic Europe but much rarer on the coastal strip of southern Gaul, and others with larger surfaces, with parallel low walls, in the Mediterranean tradition. Two of these are currently the only examples of their type to be found north of the Pyrenees, along with one of a very similar size and shape unearthed at the Montlaurès oppidum in Narbonne. Dating from the second half of the 6th c. and the beginning of the 5th c., these buildings predate their Iberian counterparts by more than half a century, which raises the question of the genesis and spread of this granary model, generally considered to be of Phoenician-Punic or Greek origin. Their early presence at La Monédière, which was fully integrated into Mediterranean trade due to its geographical location and proximity to Agde, suggests the possibility of a regional innovation, undoubtedly favored by interactions with the Hellenic world.Les fouilles menées ces dix dernières années dans la basse vallée de l’Hérault sur le site d’habitat de La Monédière à Bessan ont révélé l’existence, pour la période d’occupation couvrant la fin du premier âge du Fer (VIe-Ve s. av. n. ère), de plusieurs structures d’engrangement aériennes. Deux types de greniers quadrangulaires à plateforme surélevée cohabitent au sein de l’établissement, à l’intérieur même des quartiers d’habitation : des constructions de petite taille sur poteaux-pilotis bien répandus en Europe celtique mais beaucoup plus rares sur la bande littorale du midi de la Gaule, et d’autres de plus grandes surfaces, à murets parallèles, de tradition méditerranéenne. Au nombre de deux, ces dernières sont actuellement les seuls exemplaires de ce type recensés au nord des Pyrénées avec celle, très comparable par ses dimensions et sa forme, mise au jour sur l’oppidum de Montlaurès à Narbonne. Datés de la seconde moitié du VIe s. et du début du Ve s., ces édifices sont antérieurs de plus d’un demi-siècle à leurs homologues ibériques, ce qui soulève la question de la genèse et de la diffusion de ce modèle de grenier généralement considéré comme étant d’origine phénico-punique ou grecque. Leur présence précoce à La Monédière, qui était pleinement intégrée aux échanges commerciaux méditerranéens du fait de sa situation géographique et de sa proximité avec Agde, laisse envisager l’éventualité d’une innovation régionale, sans doute favorisée par les interactions avec le monde hellénique
Après le Néolithique : l’art celtique, un art nouveau
No full textNational audienceL’art du Ier millénaire avant notre ère (fin de l’âge du Bronze, âge du Fer) est-il l’héritier de l’expression artistique des sociétés néolithiques ? Si l’évolution des images est souvent perçue comme continue dans la mesure où elle reflète une quête perpétuelle d’expression et de sens, pour la période celtique, il est plus intéressant de s’attarder sur les étapes de transformation voire de régression, d’opposition ou de dialogue culturel qui enrichissent et redéfinissent sans cesse les iconographies
