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Studying and promoting vanished remains: the Mont-Dore curative spa complex (France)
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Aurignacian groups at Isturitz (France) adapted to a shifting environment upon their arrival in Western Europe ∼42,000 years ago
No full textInternational audienceThe Marine Isotope Stage 3 is a context of considerable climatic instability. Establishing the link between global climate changes and their impact on the local ecological contexts and prey exploited by human populations is challenging. Still, it is necessary to understand better the local conditions where humans lived to unravel how they adapted to fluctuating environmental conditions. Here, we address this question by studying 250 osteodental elements from animals hunted and consumed by human groups at Isturitz, a rich and well-documented French archaeological site and one of the earliest in Western Europe where the Aurignacian technoculture has been attested. To do so, we set up a multiproxy approach (archaeozoology, three-dimensional dental microwear texture analyses, and stable isotopic analyses of δ18O and δ13C in enamel bioapatite and δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S in bone collagen) that informs us on a timeline from the first years to the last few days of an animal's life. We reconstructed their ecologies and paleoenvironments during the different Aurignacian phases at Isturitz. Our findings indicate that the first human occupations at Isturitz occurred under cold and arid conditions, rapidly becoming even cooler and drier. Limited changes are observed in the human-environment-prey relationship despite this unstable climatic context where significant changes in rainfall, temperature, and a gradual opening of environments and some changes in the faunal assemblage occurred. Our findings suggest that human groups hunted in similar territories and utilized comparable strategies throughout the temporal sequence. Our multiproxy approach, combining complementary analyses, provides a better understanding of the adaptation strategies when the first phases of the Upper Paleolithic were emerging in Western Europe
Le moulin de La Tour (78) approche archéologique et archivistique
No full textInternational audienceL’opération archéologique qui s’est déroulée, pendant l’hiver 2023-2024, sur le plateau de Sartrouville, a mis au jour les vestiges d’un moulin à vent ainsi que ceux de la maison de son meunier. Cette découverte, dont seul le toponyme de la parcelle, Les Moulins, évoquait la présence autrefois de ses machines artisanales, a fait ressurgir tout un pan de l’histoire économique du pays au cœur de laquelle se trouvait les activités de meunerie. À la lecture des archives, on comprend que le plateau dominant le village était également occupé par d’autres moulins à vent et que le moulin de la Tour fut exploité par la même famille pendant au moins 300 ans depuis la seconde moitié du XVIème siècle. Grâce à une approche pluridisciplinaire, cette étude permet de redonner une identité et une histoire à ces vestiges archéologiques
Liste typologique pour les industries de pierre taillée de la Préhistoire récente européenne
No full textFilling the gaps: Original chronologies of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) living trees in the French Pyrenees
No full textInternational audienceBetween 2016 and 2024, as part of several research projects on forest history in the mountain belt of the central French Pyrenees, we cored 360 living trees at breast height, including 309 silver fir (Abies alba Mill. 1768) and 51 European beech (Fagus sylvatica L. 1753), using an increment drill. In addition, 64 cross-sections of beech stems were harvested with a chainsaw during a forest cut by the forest manager. The trees are located in 14 stands (13 fir-dominated forests with some beech, 1 beech-dominated forest, in 3 stands we sampled both species) spread over the French Central Pyrenees and subject to different levels of harvesting pressure: regularly harvested, harvested 30-40 years ago, not harvested for a long time (>100 years). In each stand, we established three to five circular plots of 1 ha each. Depending on the main objective of the research projects, trees were selected from the largest, dominant or co-dominant individuals according to a pre-established protocol, as for the BENDYS project [1] (full description in Py-Saragaglia et al., 2020), or to represent the full range of diameter at breast height (DBH) available in the 1 ha circular plots. All samples were processed using standard dendrochronological techniques at the GEODE laboratory in Toulouse (PANGEME analysis platform). Tree-ring measurements were made with a resolution of 0.001 mm using either a LINTAB sliding table connected to TsapWin software (RINNTECH, Heidelberg, Germany) or CooRecorder [2] software applied to a high-resolution scan of the samples. All samples were cross-dated using CDendro [2] software. The robustness of the chronologies was assessed using reference curves available for both species in the Pyrenees for beech and in southern France for fir.The present dataset provides two reference chronologies for fir and beech in this part of the Pyrenees and 17 master stand chronologies, 13 from fir and 4 from beech. The reference chronologies were constructed from 324 of the 424 individual ring series sampled, 253 from fir (309 sampled) and 71 from beech (115 sampled). All reference chronologies are suitable for dendroarchaeological studies (dating, dendroprovenance, reconstruction of ancient practices, etc.), dendroecological studies (resilience of species, effect of management on growth, etc.) and dendroclimatological studies (climate reconstruction, climate sensitivity of the two species, etc.)
Rivière instable et conflits militaires. Les moulins de Dole entre la fin du Moyen Âge et le début de la Période moderne
No full textInternational audienceBetween the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period, the city of Dole harnessed the Doubs River, but it also had to contend with it in order to maintain its production infrastructure—grain and bark mills, tanneries, fulling mills, paper mills, and more. The river’s fluctuations and transformations (shifting channels, silting of the waterway, increasingly frequent ice blockages) caused damage and even led to the shutdown of the mills, a costly and problematic situation for the urban community. Between the late 15th and the 16th century, in connection with the military challenges of urban defense, the Dole community altered its control over the river space by transforming the hydro-system, adapting its milling solutions, and relocating its industrial facilities.Entre la Edad Media y la Edad Moderna, la ciudad de Dole aprovechó el río Doubs, pero también tuvo que enfrentarse a él para mantener sus infraestructuras de producción—molinos de grano y de corteza, tenerías, batanes, fábricas de papel, etc. Las variaciones y transformaciones del río (desplazamiento de canales, colmatación del cauce, obstrucciones por hielo cada vez más frecuentes) provocaban averías e incluso la paralización de los molinos, algo costoso y problemático para la comunidad urbana. Entre finales del siglo XV y el siglo XVI, en relación con los desafíos militares de la protección urbana, la comunidad de Dole modificó su dominio sobre el espacio fluvial transformando el hidrosistema, adaptando sus soluciones de molinería y desplazando sus instalaciones industriales.Entre le Moyen Âge et la Période moderne, la ville de Dole exploite le Doubs, mais elle doit tout autant s’y confronter pour tenter de maintenir ses infrastructures de production, moulins à blé et à écorces, tanneries, foulons, papeteries… Les aléas et les évolutions de la rivière (déplacement des chenaux, étouffement de la voie d’eau, embâcles de glace de plus en plus fréquentes) génèrent des avaries, voire la mise au chômage des moulins, coûteuse et problématique pour la communauté urbaine. Entre la fin du XVe et le XVIe siècle, en lien avec les enjeux militaires de protection urbaine, la communauté doloise modifie son emprise sur l’espace fluvial, en transformant l’hydrosystème, en adaptant ses solutions de meunerie et en déplaçant ses usines
Ordonner, raconter, remémorer. Quelques remarques sur les chapiteaux de la crypte Saint-Girons d’Hagetmau (Landes)
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Brisons la hache et enterrons-la ! Autopsie et réflexions autour du dépôt d'une grande lame polie en fibrolite à Kerarmerrien, Plouzané (Finistère)
No full textInternational audienceDuring exploratory excavation of an area of 23 ha at the north-west tip of Brittany, at Kerarmerrien in Plouzané commune, two fragments of a large polished axehead were found in undisturbed ground. In such a large stripped area, it is remarkable that no arrangement or concentration of Neolithic material was found; this shows that the object had been deposited on its own. The only other evidence for the presence of Neolithic people consisted of several hearths with heat-damaged stones in the surrounding area; these are most likely to date to the Early or Middle Neolithic, to judge from the latest radiocarbon dates. The deposition of this axehead was situated close to the sources of the coastal river Ildut, in a large marshy depression where there is no evidence for a permanent presence of people during the Neolithic. The technical analysis of the axehead shows that it was deliberately broken in two before being buried, and the act of breakage involved a particularly strong transverse blow. The two fragments, which conjoin perfectly with one another, were laid down side by side and head-to-tail, showing a clear intention to position them. The axehead, of an exceptional size (almost 23 cm long), must have taken hundreds of hours to manufacture, involving hammering, sawing and polishing. Macroscopically, the raw material is a massive fibrolite, greenish-yellow with brown patches; its interdigitated fibrous structure is typical of that seen at the outcrops at Plouguin. The results of geochemical analyses (by XRF and Raman spectrometry), compared with those of several raw material samples collected through prospecting, confirm that this is a sillimanite with muscovite, identical to that of the Plouguin outcrops, and more specifically to those at Lanrivanan, in the same commune, just 19 km to the north of the axehead findspot as the crow flies. The axehead, obtained through sawing (as is shown by the asymmetry of its cross-section), is in the form of a teardrop, reminiscent of the Durrington type of axehead made from Alpine rock. The Durrington type, like the Heilles type with which the axehead also shares formal similarities, had a fairly long currency, appearing during the Early Neolithic and disappearing during the Middle Neolithic 2. There is evidence for Neolithic activity during this period in bas Léon, with the number of B-VSG finds multiplying, while the Middle Neolithic evidence (in the form of passage tombs, arrangements of standing stones, settlements and fish weirs reveals a certain patterning in the spatial organisation of activities. The Kerarmerrien find spurred us to re-examine the deposits of axeheads that had been made in Brittany, comparing them with deposits of axeheads made from Alpine rocks that have recently been the subject of synthesis and thorough documentation by Projet JADE (directed by Pierre Pétrequin). Our attention was drawn to an old find (1970), of a complete axe with its haft, brought to the surface through shallow dredging in the Trieux estuary (Côtes-d’Armor), next to a bog. This is known only from a brief mention in a publication. While the haft could not be conserved, photographs taken shortly after its discovery allow us to make out its shape and size, and to draw a parallel with axes known in the Pfyn culture (Switzerland) dating to the first third of the 4th millennium; in these, the head was slotted directly into the haft and the upper end of the haft curves backwards slightly. The large axehead that was found in its haft at Trieux had a perfectly sharp blade and was made from a chrome-rich muscovite with sillimanite – the chrome explaining the very green patches visible on the surface – which points towards the outcrops of Plouguin, in north-west Finistère, as the origin. Rather than imagining a simple loss of this tool as someone crossed a small coastal river, it seems to us more likely that we are dealing with a case of deliberate deposition, connected with the water.Several other findspots in Armorica and elsewhere suggest a deliberate choice of location for axehead deposition (the commonest being on high ground, or close to water, or at a rocky outcrop or beside a standing stone), generally at some distance from settlements or tombs. While the location of the findspot was important, it seems that the manner in which the axeheads were deposited similarly played a key role. Here, the observations made in situ at Plouzané, Carentoir and Lannion offer new insights on the complex question of depositional practices. To this we can add instances where axeheads have been associated with objects that do not seem special but which appear to us, with our prehistorians’ eyes, to relate to the everyday. But, finally, what do we know of the biographies of these polished axeheads outside of their place of discovery; of their chaîne opératoire; and, in certain cases, of the outcrops from which their raw material had been extracted?Dans le cadre d’un diagnostic archéologique réalisé à Kerarmerrien, sur la commune de Plouzané (Finistère), a été mise au jour une remarquable lame polie en fibrolite, brisée en deux. Découverts à environ 0,40 m de profondeur sous la surface actuelle, les deux fragments n’ont pas été affectés par les labours modernes et se trouvaient à quelques centimètres l’un de l’autre. Ils se raccordent parfaitement, sans aucun manque, et forment une grande lame polie en forme de goutte d’eau. Une extension du décapage autour de la découverte et la fouille fine de la zone ont permis de confirmer que la pièce est totalement isolée et ne provient pas du comblement d’une quelconque structure. Le tranchant, bien que légèrement émoussé, mais sans trace de réaffûtage, laisse à penser que nous sommes face à un objet peu ou non utilisé. De même, la lame présente un polissage luisant sur toute sa surface hormis l’extrémité du talon qui conserve encore quelques petites plages brutes. Enfin, si la cassure présente un aspect frais, la patine qui affecte les surfaces atteste son ancienneté. Si nous ne pouvions pas exclure a priori la cassure accidentelle de la lame lors de son utilisation, il semble plus pertinent de nous orienter vers une autre interprétation, celle du bris puis du dépôt de l’objet, envisagés comme des gestes intentionnels. L’analyse typo-technologique, la pétrographie et les comparaisons régionales et internationales sont sollicitées pour tenter d’identifier un scénario. Considérant la position topographique singulière du lieu de la découverte, sur une ligne de partage des eaux et très proche des sources de l’Ildut, la lame polie de Kerarmerrien pourrait en effet témoigner d’une pratique rituelle au Néolithique, celle du dépôt d’un objet socialement valorisé fait aux puissances surnaturelles
Implantation et évolution des monastères cisterciens entre Seine et Rhin (12e-18e siècle)
No full textInternational audienceDe nombreux monastères cisterciens se sont établis depuis le 12e siècle dans l’Est de la France au cœur d’un territoire marqué par la frontière entre le royaume de France et celui de Germanie. Les abbayes de Clairvaux (Aube) et celle de Morimond (Haute-Marne) se partagent l’espace à la tête de leur filiation. Les communautés cisterciennes participent à l’origine au renouvellement des aspirations religieuses. Elles transforment l’architecture de leur établissement jusqu’à la Révolution française.Issu d’un colloque organisé dans le cadre du projet collectif de recherche porté actuellement par une trentaine de chercheurs, cet ouvrage présente l’évolution de 18 sites monastiques de la région Grand Est et des régions voisines. Centré sur les paysages, l’organisation spatiale et l’architecture, il propose un éclairage nouveau sur les critères ayant contribué à leur implantation et à leur édification dans un espace s’étendant entre Seine et Rhin
Recommendation of: The application of graphic visualization filters for historical-archaeological studies. A case study: "Mesas del Esparragal";, Alcalá De Los Gazules, Cádiz (Spain). Round#2
No full textThe application of graphic visualization filters for historical-archaeological studies. A case study: "Mesas del Esparragal", Alcalá De Los Gazules, Cádiz (Spain) The aim of this article consists in a presentation and a comparison of filters for the detection of archaeological structures developed through open-source Geographical Information Systems tools applied to the surface of the archaeological site known as Mesas del Esparragal, located in the municipality of Alcalá de los Gazules (Cádiz, Spain). The site, identified by some researchers as Lascuta because of its relationship with the famous Lascuta Bronze, has exceptional characteristics in terms of its strategic position for controlling the territory. For this reason, the Romans at the hands of the consul Lucius Emilius Paulus, were able to establish their camp in this important place with the aim of putting down the uprising perpetuated by the city of Hasta Regia. For this purpose, the data obtained through the LiDAR sensor collected by the National Plan for Aerial Orthophotography (PNOA) will be used. These data will be classified by means of the LASTools complement and later a series of filters will be made through the Relief Visualization Toolbox (RVT) software and the SAGA software, with the purpose of comparing them and determining which filter or filters are the most appropriate when locating possible archaeological structures under the surface. The filters to be compared are: The Three-directional Hillshade, the Simple Local Relief Model (SLRM) and the Red Relief Image Map (RRIM)