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EKONOMINIŲ, SOCIALINIŲ IR KULTŪRINIŲ TEISIŲ KINTAMUMAS EKONOMINĖS KRIZĖS KONTEKSTE
No full textThe current finacial crisis is having a significant impact on the enjoyment of socioeconomic rights in Europe but, in particular, in Southern countries such as Spain, Portugal, Italy or Greece. Even though International Human Rights Law imposes some limitations to the measures to be adopted in the face of the economic crisis, States do not generally approach the social cuts from a human rights angle. My paper will try to outline, firstly, the obligations assumed by States in the field of economic, social and cultural rights (ESCR) and, secondly, the limited opportunities to challenge retrogressive measures from an International Human Rights Law paradigm.Finansinė krizė turi reikšmingą poveikį įgyvendinant socialines ir ekonomines teises Europoje, šis poveikis ypač ryškus Pietų Europos šalyse, pavyzdžiui, Ispanijoje, Portugalijoje, Italijoje ar Graikijoje. Tarptautinėje žmogaus teisių teisėje įtvirtinta apribojimų priemonėms, taikomoms ekonominės krizės metu, tačiau valstybės paprastai nevertina socialinių išmokų mažinimo žmogaus teisių požiūriu. Straipsnyje siekiama nustatyti, pirma, valstybių įsipareigojimus ekonominių, socialinių ir kultūrinių teisių (angl. economic, social and cultural rights – ESCR) strityje ir, antra, parodyti ribotas galimybes ginčyti regreso tvarka taikomas priemones iš tarptautinės žmogaus teisių teisės perspektyvos
TEISINĖS ŪKINĖS VEIKLOS LAISVĖS IŠTAKOS
Get PDFThis article reveals historical circumstances of how the freedom of economic activity was formed and how it was incorporated into the Lithuanian constitutional law. The article indicates and describes general global circumstances that formed the freedom of economic activity (considering the influence of mercantilism), and it focuses on the more significant ideas of the classical liberal theory of economics that influenced the emergence of economic freedom the most positively. After discussing the formation of economic freedom in the world, the article describes circumstances that influenced its entrenchment in the Lithuanian constitutional law after the restoration of independence. The study showed that after the restoration of independence in the Republic of Lithuania, there was a need for the new Constitution, which was dictated by statehood, democracy, and free-market. The variety of Constitution projects by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania, various political parties, associations, and academics shows that there were various opinions on the structure of state and the legal status of an individual. However, thoughts on economic freedom were the same: it was intended to guarantee freedom for economic entities in order to choose and engage in economic activity, and the state should execute a protective function – to regulate the process of economic activity in such way, so that it would guarantee its freedom – rather than regulate the market. Considering the ideas of economic liberalism, the Constitution of 1992 emphasized limited constitutional power the state government in the field of economy, determining its competencies, constitutional balance, and cooperation with economic entities; it constitutionally entrenched rights and freedoms of economic entities, their defense methods.Šio straipsnio tikslas – išanalizuoti ūkinės veiklos laisvės susiformavimą tarpdisciplininiu požiūriu. Straipsnis suskirstytas į dvi dalis: pirmojoje dalyje atskleidžiamos ekonominio liberalizmo atsiradimo pasaulyje aplinkybės, atsižvelgiant į ekonominės minties istoriją, antrojoje dalyje nagrinėjamas ekonominės laisvės idėjos inkorporavimas ir konstitucionalizavimas Lietuvos Respublikos teisės sistemoje iš teisės istorijos ir konstitucinės teisės perspektyvos. Nors straipsnyje pateikiami ekonomikos mokslo istorijos fragmentai, tačiau jis skirtas visų pirma teisės mokslui reikšmingų aspektų analizei
TEISĖTYROS METODOLOGINIO SPEKTRO ANALIZĖ
Get PDFIn comparison with theory of law, legal methodology improvidently deserves much less attention which undoubtedly effects overall quality of legal research. In this article we are trying to fill the gulf between theory and methodology of law by analyzing the methodological spectrum of legal research. Not only separate fields of legal methodology are subject to comprehensive analysis, but also the wholeness of the overall spectrum receives proper attention.Legal reality is enormously heterogeneous and its origins consist of at least three interrelated aspects: formal law, real law and ideal law. Legal methodology diverges accordingly: doctrinal research of formal law, socio-legal research of real law and axiological-ethical research of ideal law. Research showed us, that all of these methodological branches are closely interrelated and should be involved in the development of the theory of methodological synthesis. Any of these three is not self-sufficient and without any one of them the thorough research of legal reality is not possible.Straipsnyje išgryninamos ir analizuojamos pagrindinės teisės mokslo metodologinės kryptys (doktrininiai formaliosios teisės tyrimai, socialiniai-teisiniai realiosios teisės tyrimai ir aksiologiniai-etiniai idealiosios teisės tyrimai), apžvelgiamos teisės tyrimų integracijos užuomazgos ir įvertinamos jų metodologinės sintezės galimybės
CIVILINIO PROCESO TEISĖS GLOBALIZACIJOS IR REGIONALIZACIJOS KRYPTYS NEPRIKLAUSOMŲ VALSTYBIŲ SANDRAUGOS ŠALYSE
No full textThe article deals with the current situation in the field of Civil Procedure approximation in the Community of Independent States (CIS) countries and the perspectives of further regional and worldwide harmonization and unification of this branch there. As the comparative object, the law of the European Union is taken, the Member States of which managed to achieve a certain progress in the field of development of common Civil Procedure.Civilinis procesas ilgą laiką buvo daugiausia nacionalinės teisės šaka, kurią kiekviena valstybė plėtojo savarankiškai. Tačiau šiuolaikinės globalizacijos kryptys skatina valstybes suderinti savo teisėtvarką taip, kad galėtų veiksmingai veikti kartu ir nelikti atskirtos (izoliuotos). Nacionalinė specifika nebėra nustatantysis veiksnys, kur kas svarbiau tai, kiek nacionalinių šalių teisės sistemos yra suderinamos ir gebančios dirbti drauge. Ypač tai aktualu šalims, kurios palaiko ilgalaikius ir glaudžius ekonominius, politinius ir kultūrinius ryšius. Civiliniam procesui reikia suartėti ne mažiau nei materialinei teisei, nes būtent per teismą asmenys siekia apsaugoti savo teises, įskaitant ir tarpvalstybinius teisinius santykius. Didžiausią pažangą, kuriant bendrąją viršnacionalinę teisę, pasiekė ES šalys, tačiau ir čia pastebimi įstatymų apribojimai. Dėl artimiausio ES Rytų kaimyno – NVS regiono pažymėtina, kad čia, nepaisant palankių prielaidų (ideologijos ir teisės doktrinos bendrumo ir kalbos), dėl skirtingų politinių ir ekonominių priežasčių integracijos plėtra itin lėta. Straipsnyje daroma išvada, kad posovietinės erdvės šalims reikėtų atsisakyti reguliavimo, grindžiamo tarptautinėmis sutartimis ir modeliais, ir pereiti prie viršnacionalinių įstatymų modelio, juo labiau kad tai padaryti leidžia naujo integracinio susivienijimo – Europos ir Azijos ekonominės bendrijos – struktūra
KVALIFIKACINIAI REIKALAVIMAI ADVOKATAMS TARPTAUTINIUOSE BAUDŽIAMUOSIUOSE TEISMUOSE IR TRIBUNOLUOSE
No full textThis article examines the requirements for qualification of defence counsel in the International Criminal Court, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals and the Special Court for Sierra Leone. Particular attention is given to the requirements as to experience, language skills and lack of a criminal record or disciplinary proceedings. The proposals for improvement of the requirements for qualification of defence counsel are made in this article...
PROKURORŲ PATIRIAMAS STRESAS IR JO ĮVEIKA
Get PDFThe article analyses Lithuanian prosecutors’ (n = 349) work-related stress, its main sources and coping strategies, as well as the relations of stress, coping strategies and prosecutors’ socio-demographic characteristics. The participants completed the “Prosecutors’ experienced stress” questionnaire developed by us and the “Coping with stress” questionnaire developed by G. Valickas etc (2006, 2010). The obtained results have shown that different work-related situations caused moderate stress experienced by prosecutors. The prosecutors’ experience of stress is related with the size of city or town where they were working, division of the service (regional, district and Prosecutor General’s Office), as well as the dependence to different district services. After encountering with stress prosecutors are most likely to apply the problem solving coping strategy and least likely – emotional discharge coping strategy. The coping strategies are related with the sex, family status, size of city or town where they were working and the dependence to different district services. Furthermore, the more stress prosecutors have to deal with, the more likely they apply the various coping strategies (in that case in all work-related situations they are most likely to apply the emotional discharge and avoidance coping strategy). The gathered data suggests that stress is a sufficiently relevant (in separate work-related situations more than third part of prosecutors experience strong stress) and universal (not related with sex, age and previous work experience) topic for Lithuanian prosecutors, so prosecution service leaders should give more attention for it.Straipsnyje analizuojamas mūsų šalies prokurorų (n = 349) dėl darbo specifikos patiriamas stresas, svarbiausi jo šaltiniai, taikomos streso įveikos strategijos, taip pat streso, įveikos strategijų ir prokurorų sociodemografinių charakteristikų sąsajos
TARPTAUTINIO BAUDŽIAMOJO TEISMO PROKURORO GALIOS TIRIANT NUSIKALSTAMĄ VEIKĄ
No full textStraipsnis skiriamas Tarptautinio baudžiamojo teismo prokuroro įgaliojimams tiriant nusikalstamą veiką išnagrinėti. Jame analizuojamas visas spektras įgaliojimų, numatytų Tarptautinio baudžiamojo teismo statuto 54 straipsnyje.
Article is devoted to the powers of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court at the stage of a criminal investigation. All powers of the Prosecutor which are provided in the Article 54 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court are analyzed separately
LIETUVOS VALSTYBĖS VADOVO INSTITUTAS 1990–1992 m.
Get PDFSeime įregistruotas įstatymo „Dėl Lietuvos Respublikos Aukščiausiosios Tarybos – Atkuriamojo Seimo Pirmininko teisinio statuso“ projektas1, kuriame konstatuojama, kad 1990–1992 m. dirbusios Aukščiausiosios Tarybos – Atkuriamojo Seimo Pirmininkas yra valstybės vadovas. Seimo nariai projektą vertina nevienodai: vieni teigia, kad toks įstatymas yra būtinas, kiti tvirtina, kad jis prieštarauja Konstitucijai ir Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinio Teismo (toliau Konstitucinio Teismo) 2002 m. birželio 19 d. nutarimui. Aukščiausiosios Tarybos – Atkuriamojo Seimo Pirmininko teisinis statusas mokslinėje literatūroje mažai nagrinėtas2. Aukščiausiosios Tarybos – Atkuriamojo Seimo Pirmininko teisinio statuso analizė ir jo įprasminimas įstatymu yra būtinas, siekiant užtikrinti teisinį aiškumą ir tikrumą bei įtvirtinti atkurtos nepriklausomos Lietuvos valstybės vadovo institucijos istorinį ir teisinį tęstinumą nuo to laiko, kai po Lietuvos nepriklausomybės atkūrimo 1918 m. vasario 16 d. buvo išrinktas pirmasis Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidentas.
A draft Law “On the Legal Status of the Chairman of the Supreme Council-Reconstituent Seimas” has been registered at the Seimas, in which it is stated that the Chairman of the 1990–1992 Supreme Council-Reconstituent Seimas was the Head of State. The members of the Seimas are somewhat ambivalent about the draft law: some of them assert that such a law is necessary, whereas some others maintain that this law is in conflict with the Constitution and the Constitutional Court’s ruling of 19 June 2002. According to the Provisional Basic Law (Provisional Constitution), the Chairman of the 1990–1992 Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania was the highest official of the Republic of Lithuania with the powers to represent the Republic of Lithuania in international relations, to sign laws of the Republic of Lithuania and other acts passed by the Supreme Council, hold talks and sign international treaties of Lithuania, and submit them for ratification to the Supreme Council. He also had the powers to recommend candidates for the appointment or election to the posts of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Lithuania, the President of the Supreme Court of Lithuania, chairmen of divisions of this court, the Prosecutor General of the Republic of Lithuania, etc. The Provisional Basic Law (Provisional Constitution) does not contain the words “the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania shall be Head of State”, however, it does not mean that the independent State of Lithuania restored on 11 March 1990, purportedly, did not have any institution of its Head of State, and that the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania, purportedly, was not Head of State. The fact that the Chairman of the Supreme Council was Head of State is confirmed by the provision “[t]he Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania shall be the highest official of the Republic of Lithuania” of the Provisional Basic Law and by the powers provided for the Chairman of the Supreme Council. The compliance of the provisions of the draft Law “On the Legal Status of the Chairman of the Supreme Council-Reconstituent Seimas” with the Constitution of 1992 that is valid at present cannot be questioned on the grounds that, purportedly, this draft law is not in line with both the Provisional Basic Law of 1990 and such a concept of its provisions that were presented by the Constitutional Court in its ruling of 19 June 2002. This draft law should only be viewed through the prism of the Constitution of 1992 that is valid at present
ELEKTRONIZAVIMO PRIEMONIŲ NAUDOJIMAS SPARTINANT LIETUVOS CIVILINĮ PROCESĄ
Get PDFDrawing on the comparative analysis and the recommendations and research of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe and other institutions of the Council of Europe, the authors of the article outline the possibilities for electronisation of the civil process and a course of action to speed up the process and enhance its efficiency. The article goes on to identify key successful applications of such technologies. In addition, it highlights and describes the main features of the internationally recognised “best practice” examples in Austria, Finland and England.The article covers primary issues and challenges involved in the application of ICT in judicial processes and ways to deal with and overcome such issues.Based on such insights, the article explores the progress in electronisation of the civil process achieved so far in Lithuania in terms of exploiting the potential of speeding up the process, gives proposals for smoother development and implementation of ICT technologies in Lithuania.The authors recognise that the maximum effect in speeding up and improving the civil process can be achieved through the use of conveniently and attractively delivered and installed ICT technologies of all levels intended for application in courts (basic technologies and those intended for the administration and organisation of court activities and assistance to judges). For the purpose of ensuring that ICT potential is exploited smoothly and efficiently, adequate attention must be given and sufficient funds must be allocated towards a revolutionary transition from a paper-based judicial infrastructure to the informational infrastructure, which is based on electronic information and electronic documents.As to Lithuania, a conclusion is made that during the past several years there has been significant progress in the use of ICT to speed up the Lithuanian civil process. Public electronic services have been enabled and are being developed further, a full switch has been made from classical recording of court hearings to digital sound recording and the use of video conferencing tools, a bold and determined transition to the informational judicial infrastructure has been started, and there are plans for continued large-scale modernisation of the Lithuanian judicial information system. The problems faced in Lithuania while implementing ICT in judicial processes are practically the same as elsewhere – lack of financing, conservative approach, lack of openness to novelty, insufficient attention to managing the “human factor” issue. In order to ensure that such problems are tackled efficiently, the authors recommend continuous monitoring of the economic and qualitative benefits that the progress of electronisation of the civil process brings, ensuring flexible implementation of more ergonomic and effective measures which better meet user expectations, making more intensive and determined efforts to develop the informational infrastructure of court activities, doing more precise and clear strategic planning, determining more optimally and aligning the priorities of the projects for ICT development in courts, and taking the courage to adapt more flexibly the classical standards of the process while implementing ICT. Ultimately such change helps to ensure the right of individuals to more expeditious, fair and proper justice.Šiame straipsnyje autoriai apibrėžia civilinio proceso elektronizavimo galimybes ir kryptis spartinti procesą ir padaryti jį veiksmingesnį, aptariamos pagrindinės problemos ir iššūkiai, apžvelgiama Lietuvoje pasiekta pažanga, ateities planai, formuluojami geresnio informacinių ir elektroninių ryšių technologijų potencialo panaudojimo pasiūlymai
EKONOMINIO NUOSMUKIO POVEIKIS NEAPYKANTOS VEIKŲ TENDENCIJOMS
Get PDFThe article aims at identifying the tendencies of hate crime during the period of economic crisis. This is being achieved through the following tasks: defining the concept of hate crime for this research (chapter XXV of Lithuanian Criminal Code: crimes and misdemeanours against person’s equal rights and freedom of conscience) and explaining circumstances that encumber the establishment of the impact of economic factors on hate crime; analysing legal theories that list economic factors among the reasons of hate crime; identifying the dynamics of hate crime during the period of economic downturn in Lithuania and verifying whether the tendencies might have been influenced by other factors (amendments of regulation and structural reform). The analysis reveals that most legal theories (strain theory, theories of social disorganisation, resource competition) confirm the growth of hate crime during the period of economic recession: members of society usually have a negative attitude towards immigrants or other minorities as posing risk on social-economic stability and increasing competition in distribution of resources. Nevertheless, it is emphasized that the influence of economic crisis on the tendencies of hate crime is much more complex, existing on macro-level and on micro-level, where the manifestation of hate motivation in a particular person’s behaviour depends on many factors, including the formation of prejudice, level of self-control, being unemployed and uneducated that are often related with poverty. Therefore one may come across a position that hate crime is not related with economic factors. Legal analysis finds that during the economic crisis the number of registered hate crime in Lithuania (mostly comprised of incitement to hatred) has grown from some tenths to hundreds of such criminal offences per year. The author notices that the Criminal Code has been supplemented with several new criminal offences (public incitement to violence by publishing, distributing hate production, organising groups, also denial, trivialisation of international crimes, crimes of Soviet or Nazi regime), however, there are usually only few if any such criminal offences per year in practice. Thus neither the changes in regulation nor the reorganisation of a special unit in the General Prosecutor‘s Office had any significant impact on the established growth of hate crime. Case law of Lithuanian courts, where statements inciting to violence are used in the context of economic crisis in Lithuania and negative attitude is expressed towards immigrants, national, sexual or other minorities, confirm that economic downturn intensifies hate prejudice. Finally, it is concluded that despite the identified growth of hate crime economic crisis is not the only or a direct cause of hate crime, still, undoubtedly it stands among the factors intensifying such type of crime (especially incitement to hatred). Attention is also paid to the fact that a ‘hate culture’ or a ‘hate phenomenon’ remains among the most complex challenges for states.Straipsnyje analizuojamas ekonominės krizės poveikis neapykantos veikų mastui. Nagrinėjamos neapykantos nusikaltimų ištakas su ekonominiais veiksniais siejančios mokslo teorijos, Lietuvos teismų praktika, šių veikų statistika ir kiti šaltiniai, kuriais remiantis nustatoma, kad ekonominis nuosmukis prisideda prie neapykantos nusikaltimų augimo