Scandinavistica Vilnensis
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Švedų kalbos gramatika / Swedish Grammar
No full textŠvedų kalbos gramatika – mokomoji knyga, visų pirma, skirta, aukštųjų mokyklų studentams, studijuojantiems švedų kalbą. Knyga taip pat skirta visiems, kurie švedų kalbos mokosi kursuose ar savarankiškai, domisi šia kalba, ir švedų kalbos mokytojams.
Knygoje išsamiai aprašytos švedų kalbos dalių gramatinės kategorijos ir formos, jų vartosena, aptarta sakinio struktūra ir konstrukcijos, pateiktos pagrindinės skyrybos taisyklės, pabaigoje pridėtas dažniausių netaisyklingųjų veiksmažodžių sąrašas ir rodyklė. Gramatika gausiai iliustruota švedų kalbos vartosenos pavyzdžiais, jie išversti į lietuvių kalbą. Knygoje daug lentelių ir schemų, skirtų mokymui(si) palengvinti.
Swedish grammar is a study book, that is primarilly intended for Lithuanian students of higher education who are studying the Swedish language. The book is also intended for anyone who learns Swedish independently, in a course, or is interested in the language, as well as teachers of Swedish.
The book provides a detailed description of the structure of Swedish – word classes, forms of inflection and usage, sentence structure and constructions, as well as essential punctuation rules, and a list of the most common irregular verbs. The book incorporates a large number of Swedish usage examples with translation into Lithuanian, a detailed contents list, many tables for extra clarity and a detailed index
Some Implications for Ērika: Implicatives in Danish, Finnish and Lithuanian
Full text linkThe article deals with implicative verbs, i.e., verbs that, both in their affirmative and negative forms, carry implications as to the factual status of their propositional complements, e.g. manage, forget, bother etc. Karttunen (1971), who introduced the notion, already pointed out that a verb that is implicative in one language need not necessarily have implicative counterparts in other languages. It is conceivable that some languages have semantic groups of implicatives not represented, or less well represented, in other languages, and this deserves to be investigated. In this article the authors offer just a very preliminary exploration based on three languages, one North Germanic, one Fennic, and one Baltic. They show that even such a small sample may reveal interesting differences. The authors also pause over certain general tendencies in the semantic development of implicatives. While most of the work on implicatives has been done in the tradition of formal semantics, the authors show that a more cognitively oriented approach (invoking mechanisms of subjectification) can yield valuable insights into the polysemy of implicatives
Driving Forces behind Language Change. Does Danish Theory Hold up in Lithuania?
Full text linkThe paper presents a large-scale investigation of attitudes towards standard and dialectal speech varieties in Lithuania. It aimed at, firstly, obtaining comparable data on assessments of speech variation under two methodologically different conditions: ‘unaware condition’ (the participants being unaware of the linguistic goals of the research) and ‘aware condition’. Secondly, it aimed at testing whether the two layers of consciousness yield two different systems of social values and how the evaluations accord with changes in language usage. The theory was developed by Danish scholars whose numerous experimental studies proved the driving force role of subconscious attitudes. The investigation closely followed the Danish methodology and was carried out in 23 secondary schools in 7 regions and the capital city of Lithuania, covering almost 1.5 thousand pupils in total. The regularity of the findings, i.e. the overall tendency to overtly valorise local dialects but subconsciously to downgrade dialect accented voices, confirmed that language awareness affects assignment of values to language and must be regarded as an important explanatory factor for the scenarios of language change
Problems in Mythological Reconstruction: Thor, Thrym, and the Story of the Hammer over the Course of Time
Full text linkIn this article, the Old Icelandic poem Þrymskviða, which depicts an ancient myth about the theft and retrieval of Thor’s hammer, is compared with a number of later texts describing the same story – a late medieval Icelandic rhyme Þrymlur and a number of ballads from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, – in order to find out if it is possible to reconstruct an earlier, common Scandinavian version of this myth. While such a reconstruction appears to be plausible, none of the extant sources reflects the proto-myth in its complete form: although the oldest source Þrymskviða generally appears to be the most conservative among the different versions of this story, some of the scenes from the proto-myth have been preserved better in the later sources
Peaceableness as a Weapon in Wars of Swedology
Full text linkThis article brings forward a set of examples from the “Swedological” literature that had its golden era circa 1930–1980 – i.e. non-Swedish interpretations of Swedish society (or features of it), done in order to fight ideological wars on non-Swedish soil, using Sweden as a case in point. The theme of Sweden as a peaceful nation, both in its internal developments and in its role in the world, was a crucial feature of the genre from the outset. It has been possible to interpret Sweden’s neutrality policies (including heavy production and exports of arms) in different ways. This has also been the case with Swedish attempts to take responsibility in the world, showing global conscience (e.g. through criticism against international bullies or through foreign aid). The theme of peaceableness has, over the decades, been a tool in fights between “Swedophiles” and “Swedoclasts”, both sides applying a certain “logic of debunkery” in their mutual attempts to disclose the opposite camp’s depictions as myths
Fornisländsk litteratur, genetik och historisk demografi om samisk-nordiska tidiga kontakter
Full text linkOld Icelandic literature, genetics and historical demography regarding Sámi-Scandinavian early contactsThe spreading of Sámi interference features to the North Germanic languages is confirmed not only by the Old Icelandic sagas, which show us an absolute acceptance of the Sámi in the North Germanic society and marriages between the two nations, but also by the populational genetics that show that the percentage of the “Sámish” haplogroups (Y-DNA N1c, mtDNA U5 and V) among the North Germanic people exceeds considerably the percentage of the modern Sámi population, which indicates a language shift and assimilation of a part of the Sámi (especially of the Southern Sámi). Changes in the population structure caused by two pest pandemics (in the seventh to ninth and in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries) that affected Northern and Central Scandinavia to a much lesser degree could also contribute both to the spreading of the Sámi genes in Northern and Central Scandinavia and of the Sámi interference features in the North Germanic languages
An Etymological Dog Kennel, or Dog Eat Dog: Icelandic setja upp við dogg, Engl. to lie doggo, Engl. dog, and Engl. it’s raining cats and dogs
Full text linkThere is a rare slangy British English phrase to lie doggo “to lie hid”. The earliest known example is dated in the OED to 1882. Doggo looks like dog + o (with -o, as in weirdo, typo, and so forth), but a formation consisting of an animal name followed by the suffix -o would have no analogs. Some light on the origin of lie doggo may fall from the Modern Icelandic idiom sitja upp við dogg ‘to sit or half-lie, supporting oneself with elbows’. Doggur, known from texts since the eighteenth century, occurs with several other verbs. Also, sitja eins og doggur ‘sit motionless, look distraught’ and vera eins og doggur ‘to be motionless’ exist. Doggur has nothing to do with dogs, because the Scandinavian word for “dog” is hund-. The origin of the English noun dog is obscure, but, contrary to the almost universal opinion, the word is not totally isolated. In some German dialects, the diminutive forms dodel, döggel, and the similar-sounding tiggel ~ teckel occur. Perhaps dog and its continental look-alikes were originally baby words. The same sound complexes as above sometimes mean ‘a cylindrical object’ (such are Icelandic doggur and Middle High German tocke). Two of the basic meanings of those words were probably ‘round stick; doll’. Although the evidence is late, we can risk suggesting that lie doggo also contains the name of some device that was current not too long ago in the European itinerant handymen’s lingua franca. The overall image looks nearly the same as in the phrase dead as a doornail. In English, folk etymology connected doggo with the animal name and misled even professional lexicographers and etymologists. Finally, of some relevance is the English idiom it rains cats and dogs, whose forgotten earliest form was it rains cats and dogs and pitchforks with their points downwards. Apparently, the original idea was that a downpour of sharp objects fell to the ground
Danų kalbos gramatika / Danish Grammar
No full textThis book is a Danish grammar for Lithuanian students from beginner to upper intermediate level. It contains a description of Danish word classes, forms of inflection and usage, information about the Danish sentence structure, various constructions as well as essential punctuation rules. In order to explain different grammar topics, many examples of the Danish usage are given and translated into Lithuanian.
Ši knyga – tai praktinė gramatika, skirta besimokantiems danų kalbos (A1–B2 mokėjimo lygiai). Joje išsamiai aprašomos danų kalbos dalys, jų kaitymas ir vartojimas, sakinių sudarymas, įvairios konstrukcijos, pateikiamos pagrindinės skyrybos taisyklės. Aptariami kalbos reiškiniai iliustruojami danų kalbos pavyzdžiais, greta pateikiamas lietuviškas vertimas