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Estrogenicity of chemical mixtures revealed by a panel of bioassays
No full textInternational audienceEstrogenic compounds are widely released to surface waters and may cause adverse effects to sensitive aquatic species. Three hormones, estrone, 17β-estradiol and 17α-ethinylestradiol, are of particular concern as they are bioactive at very low concentrations. Current analytical methods are not all sensitive enough for monitoring these substances in water and do not cover mixture effects. Bioassays could complement chemical analysis since they detect the overall effect of complex mixtures. Here, four chemical mixtures and two hormone mixtures were prepared and tested as reference materials together with two environmental water samples by eight laboratories employing nine in vitro and in vivo bioassays covering different steps involved in the estrogenic response. The reference materials included priority substances under the European Water Framework Directive, hormones and other emerging pollutants. Each substance in the mixture was present at its proposed safety limit concentration (EQS) in the European legislation. The in vitro bioassays detected the estrogenic effect of chemical mixtures even when 17β-estradiol was not present but differences in responsiveness were observed. LiBERA was the most responsive, followed by LYES. The additive effect of the hormones was captured by ERα-CALUX, MELN, LYES and LiBERA. Particularly, all in vitro bioassays detected the estrogenic effects in environmental water samples (EEQ values in the range of 0.75–304 × EQS), although the concentrations of hormones were below the limit of quantification in analytical measurements. The present study confirms the applicability of reference materials for estrogenic effects' detection through bioassays and indicates possible methodological drawbacks of some of them that may lead to false negative/positive outcomes. The observed difference in responsiveness among bioassays – based on mixture composition - is probably due to biological differences between them, suggesting that panels of bioassays with different characteristics should be applied according to specific environmental pollution conditions
Making Waves: Collaboration in the time of SARS-CoV-2 - rapid development of an international co-operation and wastewater surveillance database to support public health decision-making
No full textInternational audienceThe presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater was first reported in March 2020. Over the subsequent months, the potential for wastewater surveillance to contribute to COVID-19 mitigation programmes has been the focus of intense national and international research activities, gaining the attention of policy makers and the public. As a new application of an established methodology, focused collaboration between public health practitioners and wastewater researchers is essential to developing a common understanding on how, when and where the outputs of this non-invasive community-level approach can deliver actionable outcomes for public health authorities. Within this context, the NORMAN SCORE “SARS-CoV-2 in sewage” database provides a platform for rapid, open access data sharing, validated by the uploading of 276 data sets from nine countries to-date. Through offering direct access to underpinning meta-data sets (and describing its use in data interpretation), the NORMAN SCORE database is a resource for the development of recommendations on minimum data requirements for wastewater pathogen surveillance. It is also a tool to engage public health practitioners in discussions on use of the approach, providing an opportunity to build mutual understanding of the demand and supply for data and facilitate the translation of this promising research application into public health practice
Monitoring Scheme for the Detection of Hydrogen Leakage from a Deep Underground Storage. Part 2: Physico-Chemical Impacts of Hydrogen Injection into a Shallow Chalky Aquifer
No full textInternational audienceThis paper presents the results of an experiment to simulate a sudden and brief hydrogen leak from a potential deep geological storage site. A 5 m3 volume of groundwater was extracted, saturated with hydrogen, and then reinjected into the aquifer. Saturating the water with hydrogen caused a decrease in the oxidation-reduction potential, the dissolved gas content (especially O2 and CO2), the electrical conductivity, and the concentration of alkaline earth bicarbonate ions and a slight increase in pH. These changes are observed until 20 m downstream of the injection well, while the more distant piezometers (from 30 to 60 m) are not significantly affected. During this experiment, no indicators of the development of chemical or biochemical reactions are observed, because of the rapid transfer of the dissolved hydrogen plume through the aquifer and its significant dilution beyond 10 m downstream of the injection well. Here, hydrogen behaved as a conservative element, reacting very slightly or not at all. However, this experiment demonstrates the existence of direct and indirect impacts of the presence of hydrogen in an aquifer. This experiment also highlights the need to adapt the monitoring of future underground hydrogen storage sites
Expertise en vue de la fixation de valeurs limites d’exposition à des agents chimiques en milieu professionnel - Évaluation des indicateurs biologiques d’exposition en vue de la recommandation de valeurs limites biologiques et de valeurs biologiques de référence pour le trichloroéthylène (n° CAS 79-01-6): Avis de l’AnsesRapport d’expertise collective
No full textCitation suggérée : Anses. (2022). Évaluation des indicateurs biologiques d’exposition en vue de la recommandation de valeurs limites biologiques et de valeurs biologiques de référence pour le trichloroéthylène (n° CAS 79-01-6). (saisine 2013-SA-0105). Maisons-Alfort : Anses, 114 p.Le suivi biologique des expositions en milieu professionnel s’est imposé comme une méthode complémentaire à la métrologie atmosphérique pour l’évaluation des expositions à des agents chimiques. La surveillance biologique permet d’évaluer l’exposition d’un travailleur en intégrant toutes les voies de pénétration de l’agent chimique dans l’organisme (poumon, peau, tube digestif). Elle est plus particulièrement pertinente lorsque les substances ont un effet systémique et :- lorsque d’autres voies que l’inhalation contribuent largement à l’absorption ;- et/ou lorsque le polluant est cumulatif ;- et/ou lorsque les conditions de travail (équipements de protection individuelle, différences interindividuelles de la ventilation respiratoire…) déterminent d’importantes différences de dose interne que la métrologie atmosphérique ne prend pas en compte.En France, le code du travail dans le cadre de la prévention du risque chimique en milieu professionnel prévoit le recours à la surveillance biologique des expositions et aux valeurs limites biologiques.Définitions du CES Indicateur biologique d’exposition (IBE) : c’est la substance mère, ou un de ses métabolites, dosé(e) dans un milieu biologique, dont la variation est associée à une exposition à l’agent visé par l’IBE. Des indicateurs biologiques d’effets précoces et réversibles s’ajoutent à cette définition dans la mesure où ils peuvent être spécifiquement corrélés à l’exposition professionnelle.Valeur limite biologique (VLB) : c’est la valeur limite des indicateurs biologiques d’exposition pertinents.En fonction des données disponibles, les valeurs limites biologiques recommandées n’ont pas la même signification : - si le corpus de données scientifiques est suffisant pour quantifier avec certitude une relation dose/réponse, les valeurs limites biologiques (VLB) seront construites sur la base de données sanitaires (absence d’effet pour les substances à seuil ou niveaux de risque pour les substances cancérogènes sans seuil) ;- en l’absence de telles données, pour les substances à seuil d’effet, la VLB sera calculée sur la base de la concentration attendue de l’IBE lorsque le travailleur est exposé à la VLEP-8h. Pour les substances cancérogènes, en l’absence de données quantitatives suffisantes, c’est sur la base d’un autre effet qu’une valeur limite biologique sera calculée (VLB pragmatique). Ces dernières valeurs ne garantissent pas de l’absence d’effets sanitaires, mais visent à limiter les expositions à ces substances sur les lieux de travail.Le CES recommande également, lorsque cela est possible, des valeurs biologiques de référence (VBR). Elles correspondent à des concentrations retrouvées dans une population générale dont les caractéristiques sont proches de celles de la population française (préférentiellement pour les indicateurs biologiques d’exposition) ou dans une population de témoins non professionnellement exposés à la substance étudiée (préférentiellement pour les indicateurs biologiques d’effets).Ces VBR ne peuvent être considérées comme protectrices de l’apparition d’effets sanitaires ; elles permettent cependant une comparaison avec les concentrations d’indicateurs biologiques d’exposition mesurées chez des professionnels exposés. Ces valeurs sont particulièrement intéressantes dans les cas où il n’est pas possible d’élaborer une VLB (Anses, 2017a)
Avis de l'Anses relatif à l’évaluation des risques sanitaires liés à l’usage de masques contenant du graphène
No full textEn avril 2021, les autorités canadiennes ont retiré du marché des masques de protection contenant du graphène, commercialisés pour la protection contre la COVID-19, à la suite de l’identification d’un potentiel risque pulmonaire pouvant être provoqué par l’inhalation de particules de graphène.Des investigations menées par différents acteurs publics français (SpF, ANSM, LNE2, etc.), notamment à propos de masques acquis pour le compte de l’État, mènent au constat que de tels masques sont présents sur le marché français ou ont été vendus à des acteurs français.En effet, les masques contenant du graphène mis en cause par les autorités canadiennes (masques FFP2 commercialisés par la société Shandong Shengquan) ont également été acquis en 2020 par les autorités françaises et distribués notamment aux professionnels de santé.De plus, la Direction Générale de la Concurrence, de la Consommation et de la Répression des Fraudes (DGCCRF) a procédé au retrait de plusieurs lots de masques pour lesquels les boîtes mentionnaient la présence de graphène pour une activité biocide ce qui ne respecte pas la réglementation relative aux produits biocides en vigueur. Ainsi, au regard du risque potentiel lié à l’usage de ces produits et de l’importance que revêt le port du masque en population générale et professionnelle dans le cadre de l’épidémie de COVID-19, la DGS a saisi l’Anses afin d’évaluer les risques sanitaires liés au port de masques contenant du graphène.[Saisine liée n°2021-SA-0087
Accurate analysis of HCl in biomethane using laser absorption spectroscopy and ion-exchange chromatography
No full textInternational audienceBiomethane is a renewable energy gas with great potential to contribute to the diversification and greening of the natural gas supply. Ideally, biomethane can directly be injected into the natural gas grid system. For grid injection, specifications such as those in EN 16723-1 shall be met. One of the impurities to be monitored is hydrogen chloride (HCl). To assess conformity with the specification for HCl, accurate and reliable test methods are required. Here, we report the development of three novel test methods, based on a variety of laser absorption spectroscopy techniques (Direct absorption spectroscopy-DAS and wavelength modulation spectroscopy-WMS) and ion-exchange chromatography, for the measurement of HCl in biomethane. Gas mixtures of HCl in biomethane were used to demonstrate the performance of the spectroscopic systems in the nmol mol−1 to low μmol mol−1 ranges, achieving uncertainties in the 4% range, k = 2. For ion-exchange chromatography analysis, HCl was first collected on an alkali-impregnated quartz fiber filter. The analysis was performed according to ISO 21438-2 and validated using synthetic biomethane spiked with HCl. The relative expanded uncertainties for the ion exchange chromatography HCl measurements are in the 10–37% range, k = 2. The results presented for the 3 test methods demonstrate that the respective methods can be used for HCl conformity assessment in biomethane
Molecular characterization of gaseous and particulate oxygenated compounds at a remote site in Cape Corsica in the western Mediterranean Basin
No full textInternational audienceThe characterization of the molecular composition of organic carbon in both gaseous and aerosol is key to understanding the processes involved in the formation and aging of secondary organic aerosol. Therefore a technique using active sampling on cartridges and filters and derivatization followed by analysis using a thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (TD–GC–MS) has been used. It is aimed at studying the molecular composition of organic carbon in both gaseous and aerosol phases (PM2.5) during an intensive field campaign which took place in Corsica (France) during the summer of 2013: the ChArMEx (Chemistry and Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment) SOP1b (Special Observation Period 1B) campaign. These measurements led to the identification of 51 oxygenated (carbonyl and or hydroxyl) compounds in the gaseous phase with concentrations between 21 and 3900 ng m−3 and of 85 compounds in the particulate phase with concentrations between 0.3 and 277 ng m−3. Comparisons of these measurements with collocated data using other techniques have been conducted, showing fair agreement in general for most species except for glyoxal in the gas phase and malonic, tartaric, malic and succinic acids in the particle phase, with disagreements that can reach up to a factor of 8 and 20 on average, respectively, for the latter two acids. Comparison between the sum of all compounds identified by TD–GC–MS in the particle phase and the total organic matter (OM) mass reveals that on average 18 % of the total OM mass can be explained by the compounds measured by TD–GC–MS. This number increases to 24 % of the total water-soluble OM (WSOM) measured by coupling the Particle Into Liquid Sampler (PILS)-TOC (total organic carbon) if we consider only the sum of the soluble compounds measured by TD–GC–MS. This highlights the important fraction of the OM mass identified by these measurements but also the relative important fraction of OM mass remaining unidentified during the campaign and therefore the complexity of characterizing exhaustively the organic aerosol (OA) molecular chemical composition. The fraction of OM measured by TD–GC–MS is largely dominated by di-carboxylic acids, which represent 49 % of the PM2.5 content detected and quantified by this technique. Other contributions to PM2.5 composition measured by TD–GC–MS are then represented by tri-carboxylic acids (15 %), alcohols (13 %), aldehydes (10 %), di-hydroxy-carboxylic acids (5 %), monocarboxylic acids and ketones (3 % each), and hydroxyl-carboxylic acids (2 %). These results highlight the importance of polyfunctionalized carboxylic acids for OM, while the chemical processes responsible for their formation in both phases remain uncertain. While not measured by the TD–GC–MS technique, humic-like substances (HULISs) represent the most abundant identified species in the aerosol, contributing for 59 % of the total OM mass on average during the campaign. A total of 14 compounds were detected and quantified in both phases, allowing the calculation of experimental partitioning coefficients for these species. The comparison of these experimental partitioning coefficients with theoretical ones, estimated by three different models, reveals large discrepancies varying from 2 to 7 orders of magnitude. These results suggest that the supposed instantaneous equilibrium being established between gaseous and particulate phases assuming a homogeneous non-viscous particle phase is questionable
An optimized LC-HRMS untargeted metabolomics workflow for multi-matrices investigations in the three-spined stickleback
No full textInternational audienc
Phytoextraction of Zn and Cd with Arabidopsis halleri: a focus on fertilization and biological amendment as a means of increasing biomass and Cd and Zn concentrations
No full textInternational audienceThe current work aims to investigate the influence of fertilization (fertilizer) and fungal inoculation (Funneliformis mosseae and Serendipita indica (formerly Piriformospora indica), respectively arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF) and endophytic fungi) on the phytoextraction potential of Arabidopsis halleri (L.) O’Kane & Al-Shehbaz (biomass yield and/or aboveground part Zn and Cd concentrations) over one life plant cycle. The mycorrhizal rates of A. halleri were measured in situ while the fungal inoculation experiments were carried out under controlled conditions. For the first time, it is demonstrated that the fertilizer used on A. halleri increased its biomass not only at the rosette stage but also at the flowering and fruiting stages. Fertilizer reduced the Zn concentration variability between developmental stages and increased the Cd concentration at fruiting stage. A. halleri roots did not show AMF colonization at any stage in our field conditions, neither in the absence nor in the presence of fertilizer, thus suggesting that A. halleri is not naturally mycorrhizal. Induced mycorrhization agreed with this result. However, S. indica has been shown to successfully colonize A. halleri roots under controlled conditions. This study confirms the benefit of using fertilizer to increase the phytoextraction potential of A. halleri. Overall, these results contribute to the future applicability of A. halleri in a phytomanagement strategy by giving information on its cultural itinerary
