HAL-INERIS
Not a member yet
8807 research outputs found
Sort by
Actualisation des valeurs guides de qualité d’air intérieur : Acroléine (CAS n°107-02-8)
No full textCitation suggérée : Anses. (2022). Actualisation des valeurs guides de qualité d’air intérieur. Acroléine (CAS n°107-02-8) (saisine 2021-PEX-0184). Maisons-Alfort : Anses, 105 p.En France, comme pour l’air extérieur, la qualité de l’air à l’intérieur des bâtiments constitue une préoccupation de santé publique, en particulier puisque chaque individu passe en moyenne, en climat tempéré, 85 % de son temps dans des environnements clos dont une majorité de ce temps dans l’habitat. L’environnement intérieur offre une grande diversité de situations de pollutions par de nombreux agents physiques et contaminants chimiques ou microbiologiques, liées notamment à la nature des matériaux de construction, aux équipements, à l’environnement extérieur immédiat etaux activités des occupants. Or, les pollutions peuvent avoir des conséquences importantes sur l’état de santé des individus, même si elles ne sont pas toutes quantifiables avec précision et s’il est souvent difficile de s’accorder sur la part des déterminants génétiques, sociaux et environnementaux dans l’apparition et le développement des pathologies observées : irritations, maladies allergiques, pathologies dermatologiques d’origine immunitaire, affections broncho-pulmonaires, intoxications aiguës, cancers, syndrome des bâtiments malsains (SBM ou sick building syndrome (SBS)), etc.Les données collectées par l’Observatoire de la Qualité de l’Air Intérieur (OQAI), mis en place par les pouvoirs publics en 2001, ont confirmé la nécessité de disposer, au niveau national et par polluant, de valeurs de référence permettant de situer les niveaux de concentrations mesurées dans les environnements clos et d’instaurer des mesures de réduction des émissions proportionnées notamment au risque potentiel encouru. Par ailleurs, le manque de niveaux de référence pour la qualité de l’air intérieur limite le développement de référentiels utiles pour la qualification, en termes sanitaires, des émissions de composés par les produits de construction, de décoration ou de consommation. Ces éléments manquent également pour la conception de protocoles en vue de la spécification de bâtiments à Haute Qualité Environnementale (HQE).À l’échelle internationale, des valeurs de recommandations sont proposées dans certains pays et par quelques organismes reconnus. Le rapport du projet européen INDEX (CE, 2005), financé par la Direction Générale de la Commission Européenne pour la santé et la protection des consommateurs (DG SANCO), a dressé en 2005 une liste de polluants chimiques prioritaires des environnements intérieurs susceptibles d’être réglementés dans le futur et a proposé des valeurs guides de qualité d’air intérieur. Par ailleurs, l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) s’est engagée en 2006 à proposer des valeurs guides de qualité de l’air intérieur (OMS, 2006) en distinguant trois groupes : substances chimiques, agents biologiques et polluants émis par la combustion intérieure. Les travaux relatifs spécifiquement à l’humidité et aux moisissures ont été publiés en 2009 (OMS, 2009). Puis, des valeurs guides de qualité d’air intérieur ont été publiées fin2010 pour neuf substances chimiques (OMS, 2010).En France, des actions à court, moyen et long terme afin d’améliorer la qualité de l’air dans les espaces clos ont été proposées en octobre 2013 par les ministères chargés de l’écologie et de la santé lors du lancement du Plan d’actions sur la qualité de l’air intérieur aux deuxièmes assises nationales de la qualité de l’air. Celles-ci constituent le volet sur l’air intérieur du troisième Plan national santé-environnement (PNSE 3).Pour faire face à l’enjeu sanitaire que représente la qualité de l’air intérieur et apporter aux pouvoirs publics des éléments utiles à la gestion de ce risque, l’Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation de l’environnement et du travail (Anses) s’est autosaisie en 2004 afin d’élaborer des valeurs guides de qualité d’air intérieur (VGAI), fondées sur des critères sanitaires.Les VGAI proposées par l’Anses constituent le socle initial du procédé institutionnel visant à fixer des valeurs réglementaires de surveillance de la qualité de l’air intérieur.Afin d’appuyer les pouvoirs publics dans l’élaboration de valeurs opérationnelles permettant de mettre en place des actions d’amélioration de la qualité d’air intérieur, le ministère chargé de la santé a demandé au Haut conseil de la santé publique (HCSP) de proposer, à partir des VGAI de l’Anses, des valeurs repères d’aide à la gestion de la qualité d’air intérieur, ainsi qu’un calendrier pour leur déploiement. Le HCSP formule des propositions afin d’éclairer les gestionnaires du risque sur les niveaux de concentration à partir desquels des actions sont à entreprendre. Le HCSP tient comptede considérations pratiques, réglementaires, juridiques, économiques et sociologiques.Enfin, conformément à la loi du 1er août 2008 relative à la responsabilité environnementale, les VGAI réglementaires sont établies par le Ministère chargé de l’écologie inscrites dans le code de l’environnement et sont associées à des mesures de gestion
Impacts sanitaires et environnementaux de matières plastiques biosourcées, biodégradables etcompostables
No full textCitation suggéréeAnses. (2022). Impacts sanitaires et environnementaux de matières plastiques biosourcées, biodégradables et compostables (Saisine n°2021-SA0202). Maisons-Alfort : Anses, 71 p.Trois cent soixante-sept millions de tonnes de matières plastiques sont produites chaque année dans le monde1. Elles sont principalement issues de la pétrochimie (carbones fossiles) et certaines peuvent être issues de la biomasse vivante (carbones biosourcés).La loi relative à la lutte contre le gaspillage et à l’économie circulaire, dite loi AGEC, promulguée le 11 février 2020, comprend plusieurs dispositions visant à prévenir l’impact de l’utilisation des matières plastiques sur la santé et l’environnement dont l’article 84. Cet article prévoit que le Gouvernement remette au Parlement un rapport sur les impacts sanitaires, environnementaux et sociétaux des matières plastiques biosourcées, biodégradables et compostables sur l’ensemble de leur cycle de vie. Ce rapport doit notamment aborder le risque de dispersion des microplastiques dans l’environnement lié au compostage des matériaux plastiques biosourcés, biodégradables et compostables.À ce jour, la contamination environnementale par les microplastiques issus de la pétrochimie est avérée dans l’atmosphère et l’air intérieur, les eaux urbaines et continentales ainsi que dans les sols . Le Parlement a souhaité approfondir les impacts des matières plastiques sur l’environnement, notamment via les sacs plastiques biosourcés et compostables en conditions domestiques
RISK MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS SOLID WASTES BY HAZARDOUS PROPERTY INCLUDING MERCURY CONTAINING WASTES
No full textInternational audienceThe classification of waste is complex. Once detailed chemical composition, and in some cases speciation testing has been completed, the chemicals present are checked either as hazardous chemicals or persistent organic pollutants (POPs). However, detailed waste characterisation data can be used to support onward management of wastes, including hazardous wastes. A process management flowchart has been compiled using data from twelve waste streams. Specifically, for hazardous waste, the proposed approach can be used to firstly identify how a potential hazard may be eliminated using specific treatment scenarios. Secondly risk mitigation strategies are provided to reduce risks during short-term management of transportation, preparation and processing of wastes. Finally, the approach highlights how waste characterisation data can be used to guide the long-term management of hazardous waste. For non-hazardous waste a risk approach generates case specific permissible concentration limits. Hazardous waste management by risk is proposed, either for short-term operations, or during the recycling loops. The wastes containing “legacy” banned substances must be phased out. But the wastes with hazardous compounds at hazardous concentration should be recycled in controlled recycling loop. They should be managed during the loop by a risk approach, like the products they were and the products that they will become, per risk according to REACH. A worked example of this approach to mercury containing waste by hazard and by risk is presented, using leaching data (risk) to prevent groundwater contamination by mine tailings using reverse modelling, proposed to the conference of the UN Minamata Convention
Flammability of Halogenated Liquids: Flash Points Limits
No full textInternational audienceThe flash point and the boiling point are the regulatory-driven criteria (as referred to in the Globally HarmonizedSystem of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, known as GHS) on which the classification forthe flammability of liquids shall be based in all classification systems of hazardous materials. Some liquids ormixtures of liquids do not have a flash point but can nevertheless generate explosive atmospheres (ATEX).For halogenated liquids, flammability is not necessarily correctly evaluated by use of flash point measurementmethods, all based on very small test vessels, sometimes leading to "false negatives" results (no flashdetected).The alternative way to solve the flash point issue is the measurement of the Lower Explosion Point(LEP) (also call lower temperature limit of flammability) or the lower explosive limits (LEL). This paper reportson an experimental work to illustrate the issue, by a case study focusing on ethoxy-nonafluorobutane(a fluorinated degreasing solvent whose flash point is non-existent according to published material safety datasheets and therefore classified as ‘non-flammable’ according to CLP). However, real flammability of thissubstance is shown by use of European standard methods for the determination of the LEP and the LEL
A risk based assessment approach for chemical mixtures from wastewater treatment plant effluents
No full textInternational audienceIn this study, 56 effluent samples from 52 European wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were investigated for the occurrence of 499 emerging chemicals (ECs) and their associated potential risks to the environment. The two main objectives were (i) to extend our knowledge on chemicals occurring in treated wastewater, and (ii) to identify and prioritize compounds of concern based on three different risk assessment approaches for the identification of consensus mixture risk drivers of concern. Approaches include (i) PNEC and EQS-based regulatory risk quotients (RQs), (ii) species sensitivity distribution (SSD)-based hazard units (HUs) and (iii) toxic units (TUs) for three biological quality elements (BQEs) algae, crustacean, and fish.For this purpose, solid-phase extracts were analysed with wide-scope chemical target screening via liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS), resulting in 366 detected compounds, with concentrations ranging from 100 µg/L. The detected chemicals were categorized with respect to critical information relevant for risk assessment and management prioritization including: (1) frequency of occurrence, (2) measured concentrations, (3) use groups, (4) persistence & bioaccumulation, and (5) modes of action. A comprehensive assessment using RQ, HU and TU indicated exceedance of risk thresholds for the majority of effluents with RQ being the most sensitive metric. In total, 299 out of the 366 compounds were identified as mixture risk contributors in one of the approaches, while 32 chemicals were established as consensus mixture risk contributors of high concern, including a high percentage (66%) of pesticides and biocides. For samples which have passed an advanced treatment using ozonation or activated carbon (AC), consistently much lower risks were estimated
Impact of diatrizoic acid on three-spined sticklebacks by LC-HRMS metabolomics,
No full textInternational audienc
Numerical analysis of internal erosion impact on underground structures: Application to tunnel leakage
No full textInternational audienceWater leakage is one of the most critical factors that affect the ground movement and structural behaviour during and after the construction of the shield tunnel. Currently, very limited attention has been paid to the effect of the loss of fine particles induced by the water leakage, namely the internal erosion. In this study, the evolution of soil porosity, gradation, seepage flow and the induced ground movement and lining stress change due to tunnel leakage has been numerically investigated using a novel coupled hydro-mechanical approach formulated within the continuous porous medium framework. The detachment and transport of fines particles within the seepage flow are considered by a four-constituent model of internal erosion. The induced influence on the soil mechanical behaviour is modelled by a critical-state-based constitutive model considering the evolution of the fines content. Using the proposed approach, the time–space evolution of the eroded zone and the hydro-mechanical response in the cases of a single tunnel and two crossing tunnels are identified. The results indicate that the commonly used pore pressure reduction-based method without considering internal erosion will under-estimate the leakage induced lining stress change and ground movement. Moreover, the influence of three-dimensional conditions, hydraulic boundary conditions and tunnel characteristics are highlighted
Simultaneous Roadside and Urban Background Measurements of Submicron Aerosol Number Concentration and Size Distribution (in the Range 20–800 nm), along with Chemical Composition in Strasbourg, France
No full textInternational audienceThe adverse health impact of particles and ultrafine particles (UFP) is proven, highlighting the need of measuring the particle number concentration (PNC) dominated by UFP. So far, PNC had never been measured in the Strasbourg urban area (France). The present study on particle size distribution and PNC measurements by an UFP-3031 analyzer was conducted during winter 2019 on a background and a roadside multi-instrumented sites (Black Carbon, chemical speciation, particulate matter 10 mu m or less in diameter-PM10 mass). This paper shows significantly higher particle number concentrations of particles below 100 nm at the traffic site compared to the background site. The presence of a road axis thus mainly influences UFP, contrary to larger particles whose levels are more homogeneous over the agglomeration. During the measurement period, the nature of the particles (particle size contribution and chemical composition) was different between periods of high PM10 mass concentrations and periods of high PNC. High PM10 mass concentrations were associated with a high contribution of particles larger than 100 nm but they did not show specific chemical signature. On the other hand, during the periods with high PNC, the chemical composition was modified with an increase of the primary carbonaceous fraction compared to the periods with low PNC, but there was then no clear change in size distribution. Overall, this study illustrates that PM10 mass concentrations were barely representative of UFP and PNC variations, confirming that the monitoring of the latter metrics is necessary to better evaluate the particles toxicity, knowing that this toxicity also depends on the particle's chemical composition
La production d'huiles essentielles : une filière éco-innovante pour le phytomanagement des sols historiquement pollués
No full textInternational audienc
Effects of Inorganic and Organic Amendments on the Predicted Bioavailability of As, Cd, Pb and Zn in Kitchen Garden Soils
No full textInternational audienceModerately contaminated garden soils can benefit from gentle remediation options such as soil amendments, which improve soil functions and agronomic potentialities while decreasing environmental and human risk. This study aimed to analyze the effects of doses of various common soil amendments generally applied by gardeners on the predicted bioavailability (i.e., extractability) of metal(loid)s (i.e., As, Cd, Pb, and Zn) in contaminated kitchen garden soils. Fourteen different amendment mixes (i.e., a green waste compost with two degrees of maturity used alone and in combination with zeolite, three organic fertilizers, two calcareous amendments, two natural siliceous or alumino-silicate amendments, and one potting soil) were tested on three different garden soils with diverse sources of contamination and physico-chemical characteristics. Chemically extractable metal(loid)s were analyzed using 0.05 M EDTA extraction and 1 M NH4NO3 extraction. In one soil sample, potting soil showed significant potential to reduce the availability of As, as analyzed by both extractants. This amendment also effectively reduced the Pb extractability in the geogenic-contaminated soil, as did other high-organic matter amendments such as various application rates of composts. Zeolite and zeolite-compost mixes demonstrated success on various metal(loid)s and therefore could be a promising emerging amendment mix. Other efficient amendments include crushed horn, which effectively reduced available Zn in all soils, as well as available Pb. The application of bone meal similarly reduced the extractable As, Pb, and Zn in various soils. The two applications of limes were effective against Cd, As, Pb, and Zn in the different soils studied. This study provided evidence that it is possible to reduce the extractability and thus the environmental availability of the metal(loid)s applied with available and affordable amendments. The results depended on the physico-chemical soil parameters and metal(loid)s considered. There is no single solution, which implies that tests must be carried out before any implementation activities on the kitchen gardens