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Interest of a multispecies approach in active biomonitoring: Application in the Meuse watershed
No full textInternational audienceA biomonitoring approach based on a single model species cannot be representative of the contaminations impacts on the ecosystem overall. As part of the Interreg DIADeM program (“Development of an integrated approach for the diagnosis of the water quality of the River Meuse”), a study was conducted to establish the proof of concept that the use of a multispecies active biomonitoring approach improves diagnostic of aquatic systems. The complementarity of the biomarker responses was tested in four model species belonging to various ecological compartments: the bryophyte Fontinalis antipyretica, the bivalve Dreissena polymorpha, the amphipod Gammarus fossarum and the fish Gasterosteus aculeatus. The species have been caged upstream and downstream from five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Meuse watershed. After the exposure, a battery of biomarkers was measured and results were compiled in an Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) for each species. A multispecies IBR value was then proposed to assess the quality of the receiving environment upstream the WWTPs. The effluent toxicity was variable according to the caged species and the WWTP. However, the calculated IBR were high for all species and upstream sites, suggesting that the water quality was already downgraded upstream the WWTP. This contamination of the receiving environment was confirmed by the multispecies IBR which has allowed to rank the rivers from the less to the most contaminated. This study has demonstrated the interest of the IBR in the assessment of biological impacts of a point-source contamination (WWTP effluent) but also of the receiving environment, thanks to the use of independent references. Moreover, this study has highlighted the complementarity between the different species and has emphasized the interest of this multispecies approach to consider the variability of the species exposition pathway and sensibility as well as the mechanism of contaminants toxicity in the final diagnosis
A constitutive model for thermal compaction of clay geomaterials: application to COx claystone
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A synthesis of large-scale THM non-linear modeling for a high-level waste repository in the Callovo-Oxfordian claystone
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Comparing Sentinel-5P TROPOMI NO2 column observations with the CAMS-regional air quality ensemble
No full textInternational audienceThe Sentinel-5P TROPOMI instrument provides unique observations of atmospheric trace gases at a high resolution of about 5 km with near-daily global coverage, resolving individual sources like thermal power plants, industrial complexes, fires, medium-scale towns, roads and shipping routes. These datasets are especially well suited to test high-resolution regional-scale air quality (AQ) models and provide valuable input for regional emission inversion systems. In Europe, the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) has implemented an operational regional AQ forecasting capability for Europe based on an ensemble of 7 up to 11 European models. In the presentation we show comparisons between TROPOMI observations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and the CAMS AQ forecasts and analyses of NO2. We discuss the different ways of making these comparisons, and present the quantitative results for time series for regions and cities between May 2018 to March 2021, for summer and winter months and individual days. We demonstrate the importance of the free tropospheric contribution to the tropospheric column, and include profiles from the CAMS configuration of the ECMWF’s global integrated model above 3 km altitude in the comparison. The models generally capture the fine-scale daily and averaged features observed by TROPOMI in much detail. In summer, the quantitative comparison of the NO2 tropospheric column shows a close agreement, but in winter we find a significant discrepancy in the average column amount over Europe. Recently a new TROPOMI NO2 reprocessing with processor version 2.3.1 has become available, and impact of this new version on the comparisons is discussed. As spin-off, we present a new TROPOMI NO2 level-2 data product for Europe, based on the replacement of the original TM5-MP generated global a priori profile (1x1 degree resolution) by the regional CAMS ensemble profile at 0.1x0.1 degree resolution. This a-priori replacement leads to significant changes in the TROPOMI retrieved tropospheric column, with typical increases at the emission hotspots in the order of 20%. The European NO2 product is compared with ground-based remote sensing measurements of 6 PANDORA instruments of the Pandonia global network and 8 MAX-DOAS instruments. As compared to the standard S5P tropospheric NO2 column data, the overall bias of the new product is smaller owing to a reduction of the multiplicative bias linked to the profile shape
Mise à jour de l'état de l'art sur les méthodes et outils innovants pour le traitement des systèmes complexes et benchmarking
No full textInternational audiencedes pour traiter les systèmes complexes et faire un benchmark sur un cas d’usage. Le projet s’est intéressé aux jumeaux numériques selon une démarche MBSE/MBSA, à la théorie des réseaux complexes et aux modèles de systèmes vivants.Le cas d’usage retenu porte sur une unité de production d’hydrogène. L’installation a fait l’objet d’un modèle MBSA en AltaRica avec l’outil SimfiaNeo. Ce modèle se veut unificateur en permettant l’étude des objectifs de production et de sûreté de fonctionnement, en intégrant les vulnérabilités de cybersécurité. Ce modèle a ensuite été transposé en réseaux pour en étudier des indicateurs de centralité.Ceci a permis de calculer des indicateurs classiques mais surtout de s’interroger sur les apports d’autres disciplines, avec la nécessité d’approfondir celles-ci, en l’état actuel des connaissances
5-year analysis of submicron aerosol chemical composition and organic aerosol source apportionment at a suburban site in North-Western Europe
No full textInternational audienceIn Europe, more than 307 000 premature deaths havebeen attributed to fine particle exposure (EEA, 2021). Inparticular, northern France is affected by relatively highparticle matter (PM) concentrations, frequentlyexceeding the new annual PM2.5 concentration of 5μg m-3 recommended by the WHO (EEA, 2021).Therefore, the study of aerosol particle sources isessential to improve air quality and to better developeffective mitigation policies.In this context, an Aerosol Chemical SpeciationMonitor (ACSM) and an aethalometer (AE33) have beenrunning quasi continuously since 2016 at a suburbansite in Lille, known as the ATOLL (AtmosphericObservations in liLLe) platform, located on theUniversity of Lille campus. The objective is to provide acomprehensive dataset of the chemical composition ofsubmicron aerosol particles (PM1), and to investigateOrganic Aerosol (OA) sources in the region throughsource apportionment analysis using Positive MatrixFactorization (PMF). Wind and back-trajectory analysisare also used to help identifying the geographical originsof advected aerosol particles, especially since Lille is atthe crossroads of transnational pollution transport fromBelgium, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK.Here, we present the first long-term analysis ofnon-refractory PM1 (NR-PM1) from October 2016 untilDecember 2020. The average NR-PM1 concentrationwas 9.7 μg m-3, which was dominated by OA (45.4 %)followed by nitrate (31.4 %), ammonium (13.4 %) andsulfate (9.4 %). To study OA origins, we used the rollingPMF algorithm, analyzing one-month windows shiftedby one-week step. Such approach combined with welldefinedconstraints has the advantage of capturing thepotential temporal changes in the source profilesthroughout the seasons and years.The OA PMF analysis yielded two primary OAfactors: a traffic related hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) andbiomass burning OA (BBOA), and two oxygenated OA(OOA) factors. HOA showed a fairly constantcontribution to OA throughout the seasons (with anaverage contribution of 12 %), while BBOA varied from8 % to 18.5 %, with a peak in winter due to increasedemissions from residential wood combustion. The OOAfactors were distinguished between their less and moreoxidized fractions (LO-OOA and MO-OOA, respectively).They contributed substantially to the total OA mass,with an average of 74 % (32 % and 42 % for LO-OOA andMO-OOA, respectively), indicating a strong participationof aged/secondary processes to local aerosol levels. Aregional signature of those OOA factors is confirmed viawind and trajectory analysis, identifying the impact ofpolluted continental air masses from central Europe.During winter, the correlation between BBOA and LOOOAsuggests the influence of aged biomass burning onthe latter, identifying at least half of OA to be associatedto wood combustion during wintertime. This wasconfirmed by complementary PMF analyses includinginorganic and black carbon components.Overall, this study provides a thorough analysis ofsubmicron aerosol sources at the recently establishedATOLL platform, depicting complex interactionsbetween regional traffic, wood burning, and agriculturalactivities in the highly urbanized North-WesternEuropean region.This work was supported by the French Ministry ofEnvironment, through the CARA program. It is also partof the Labex CaPPA project (ANR-11-LABX-0005-01), andthe CLIMIBIO project, both also funded by the RegionalCouncil “Hauts-de-France” and the European RegionalDevelopment Fund (ERDF)
Development of a multi-biomarker approach of genotoxicity on the three spined stickleback for aquatic biomonitoring application
No full textInternational audienceThe aquatic environment is considered as the receptacle of anthropogenicpressures, including chemical contamination as genotoxic compounds, which canimpact the health of aquatic species. Genotoxic substances may directly or indirectlyaffect the integrity of cell’s genetic material, which can lead to long-term mutagenic,carcinogenic or teratogenic effects. In this context, the measure of damages at differentgenomic scales may be relevant and provide an integrated view of the genotoxic risk ofexposed organism. The finality of our work is to propose their use as early-warningsignals of potential long-term alterations to population and ecosystem health.Genotoxicity assessment was performed on erythrocytes of the three- spinedstickleback by combining the measure of DNA integrity by the alkaline and Fpg(formamidopyrimidines DNA glycosylase)-modified comet assays and the measure ofvariations in nuclear DNA content by flow cytometry (FCM). In this sense, blood cells offish offer many advantages as cellular models as their ease of collection, gives a highdensity of erythrocytes already dissociated allowing to obtain multiple assays on thesame sample. The alkaline comet assay has been largely used with erythrocytes of fishto detect alkali-labile sites, DNA-double- and single- strand breaks. The Fpg-modifiedcomet assay has been optimized in the present study, which expand the comet assaysensitivity to oxidized pyrimidines. Furthermore, FCM may be applied to assess thevariations in the nuclear DNA content of a large population of cells and has alreadydemonstrated its relevance for detecting chromosomal damages in blood cells of fish.The presentation will detail results regarding the definition of baseline levels ofgenotoxicity biomarkers (DNA strand breaks, Fpg-sensitive sites, DNA content,erythrocyte mortality), which are useful in an ecotoxicological context. These biomarkershave been measured in various field context (active biomonitoring) and integrated in theexisting multi-biomarker approach of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteusaculeatus L., 1758)
