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Recommandations pour l'utilisation de géosynthétiques dans la réduction du risque d'effondrement localisé
No full textNational audienceRoad and urban developments are sometimes confronted with localized collapses (sinkhole) of natural or anthropogenic cavities. To reduce their impact, treatment methods are generally used, including the reinforcement by using a geosynthetic. This communication presents operational recommendations concerning the use of inverted bi-stiffness instrumented geosynthetic for a granular and/or cohesive soil. These recommendations specify the conditions for its use as a reinforcement and as a monitoring system in the event of rising sinkholes, thanks to the integration of optical fibres. This document also provides decision-making aids for land security.Les aménagements routiers et urbains sont parfois confrontés à des effondrement localisés (fontis) de cavités naturelles ou anthropiques. Pour réduire leur impact, des méthodes de traitement sont utilisées, dont la méthode de renforcement par géosynthétiques. Cette communication présente des recommandations opérationnelles concernant l’emploi d’un géosynthétique instrumenté bi-raideur inversé pour un sol granulaire et/ou cohésif. Elles précisent les conditions de son emploi en tant que renforcement mais également système de surveillance en cas de remontée de fontis, grâce à l’intégration de fibre optique. Le guide établi dans ce cadre apporte également des éléments d’aide à la décision pour la sécurisation des terrains de surface
Méthode quantitative de caractérisation de la masse à l'aide de grilles TEM pour l'évaluation de l'exposition aux particules submicrométriques
No full textInternational audienceThe work presented here aims to propose a new quantitative method to measure elemental mass concentrations via particle sampling and TEM-EDS. The principle is to collect airborne particles on a porous TEM grid, then add a certain mass of reference particles on it, and determine the relative percentages of all elements via EDS. Results show that the absolute deviations between the theoretical elemental mass ratios and the experimental ratios remain lower than 8%. This approach ensures safety, adaptability, and practicability when assessing the exposure risk of hazardous materials.Le travail présenté ici vise à proposer une nouvelle méthode quantitative pour caractériser les concentrations massiques élémentaires par échantillonnage de particules et TEM - EDS. Le principe est de collecter les particules en suspension dans l'air sur une grille TEM poreuse, puis d'y ajouter une certaine masse de particules de référence, et de déterminer les pourcentages relatifs de tous les éléments via l'EDS. Les résultats montrent que les écarts absolus entre les rapports de masse élémentaire théoriques et les rapports expérimentaux restent inférieurs à 8%. Cette approche assure la sécurité, l’adaptabilité et la praticabilité lors de l’évaluation du risque d’exposition aux matières dangereuses
Impact of past mining on public safety: seismicity in area of flooded abandoned coal Gardanne mine, France
No full textInternational audienceThis paper focuses on the impact of past mining on public safety. It emphasizes the need to understand the induced seismic hazard and consequently improve the post-mining management procedures and legislations, as many mining sites are located in proximity to populated areas. Due to many challenges and complexity of the post-mining environments, induced seismic hazard nowadays remains largely unknown. However, the return experience of several post-mining sites in recent decades have shown us that the mine flooding and/or degradation of mining works can lead to the stress perturbations, inducing the seismicity and the reactivation of the surrounding geological faults. Hence, it is important to advance the seismic monitoring and research of seismicity in flooded post-mining districts. As the number of mine closures worldwide is rising, it can be expected that flooding induced reactivation of the surrounding faults becomes a more often observed phenomenon. We present in this paper the experience of the abandoned flooded coal mine of Gardanne in France, which has been experiencing post-mining seismicity problems since its closure in 2010. We show the results of a recent study of seismic multiplets and clustering of seismic events, as well as their spatio-temporal activity compared to meteorological conditions. These results provide us new insights as well as lead to raising new questions on seismic sources and triggering mechanisms
Expertise préalable à la création d’un tableau de maladie professionnelle ou à l’élaboration de recommandations aux comités régionaux de reconnaissance des maladies professionnelles. Exposition à l’amiante et cancers de l’ovaire et du larynx: Avis de l’Anses Rapport d’expertise collective
No full textL’amiante est classé en tant que substance cancérogène avérée pour l’humain (groupe 1 du Centre International de Recherche sur la Cancer (CIRC)) depuis les années 70 pour le poumon et la plèvre. La monographie sur l’amiante actualisée en 2012 indique que des preuves suffisantes sont maintenant disponibles pour démontrer le lien entre l’exposition à l’amiante et les cancers du larynx et de l'ovaire. Dans cette monographie, les cancers du pharynx, de l’estomac et les cancers colorectaux sont considérés comme possiblement liés à une exposition à l’amiante, mais avec un niveau de preuve limité.A ce jour, seuls les cancers broncho-pulmonaires provoqués par l'inhalation de poussières d'amiante [tableaux 47C et 47 bis du régime agricole (RA) ou 30C et 30 bis du régime général (RG)] et d’autres affections consécutives à l'inhalation de poussières d'amiante dont les mésothéliomes [tableaux 47D du RA ou 30D du RG] font déjà l’objet d’une présomption d’origine donnant droit à une réparation dans le cadre des tableaux de maladies professionnelles.Dans ce contexte, l’Agence a été saisie le 26 novembre 2018 par la Direction générale du travail, la Direction de la sécurité sociale et le service des affaires financières, sociales et logistiques du ministère en charge de l’agriculture pour la réalisation de l’expertise suivante : « Demande d'expertise préalable à la création de tableaux de maladies professionnelles ou de recommandations aux comités régionaux de reconnaissance des maladies professionnelles (CRRMP) en lien avec les cancers de l’ovaire, du larynx, du pharynx, de l’estomac et colorectaux provoqués par l’inhalation de poussières d’amiante ».Cette expertise permettra aux commissions de maladies professionnelles et à l’État de mettre à jour, le cas échéant, les modalités de la reconnaissance des maladies professionnelles liées à l’amiante, tant pour le régime agricole que pour le régime général, ou de formuler des recommandations aux CRRMP.Afin de pouvoir répondre aux saisines qui lui sont adressées dans le cadre de cette mission, l’Anses a élaboré dans un premier temps une méthodologie de travail, avec l’appui du groupe de travail « Maladies Professionnelles » (GT MP). En octobre 2020, elle a publié, dans un guide méthodologique, la démarche scientifique à mettre en œuvre en vue de caractériser les liens entre des expositions professionnelles ou des conditions de travail et des problèmes de santé (Anses 2020), afin de documenter les éléments scientifiques utiles pour les consultations et la prise de décision. Les travaux rapportés dans ce rapport s’appuient sur cette méthodologie
Safety Evaluation of a Sodium-Ion Cell: Assessment of Vent Gas Emissions under Thermal Runaway
No full textInternational audienceNa-ion batteries are presented as a complementary technology to Li-ion batteries, that comply with the performance requirements of various applications without being submitted to the critical raw material dependencies pertaining to Li-ion batteries. Several major industrial actors are now committed to produce these batteries, advocating among others the safety gain of such technology. Available data on their behavior under thermal runaway are nonetheless very limited. This experimental work brings new elements of vent gas characteristics of Na-ion (Na3V2(PO4)2F3, NVPF) cells when thermally abused. A detailed gas analysis was performed in order to determine both composition of the gas mixture and related emitted volume. In our test configuration, no flames were observed, and the fumes were mainly composed of electrolyte compounds (organic carbonates). A simple comparison with Li-ion technology showed similarities with LiFePO4 (LFP) chemistries in terms of the nature and quantity of emitted gas
Influence of emission size distribution and nucleation on number concentrations over Greater Paris
No full textInternational audienceWith the growing evidence that high particle number concentrations may impact health, modelling their emissions and understanding formation processes is necessary, especially in cities where many people are exposed. As emission inventories of particle numbers and size distribution over cities are usually not available, a methodology is defined to estimate them from PM2.5 emissions and ratios of PM1 / PM2.5 and PM0.1 / PM2.5 by activity sector. In this methodology, a fitting parameter αem is used to redistribute the number concentrations in the lowest emission diameter range. This parameter is chosen by comparing measured and simulated number concentrations during non-nucleation days. The emission size distribution is then finely discretised by conserving both mass and number in each of the size ranges where emissions are specified. The methodology is applied over Greater Paris during the MEGAPOLI campaign (July 2009). Three-dimensional simulations are performed using the chemistry transport model Polair3D/Polyphemus coupled to the aerosol module SSH-aerosol to represent the evolution of particles by condensation, evaporation, coagulation, and nucleation, with a sectional approach for the size distribution. The model is first compared to measurements during non-nucleation days, and the influence over the month of July 2009 of three different nucleation parameterisations is assessed, i.e. binary (sulfuric acid, water), ternary (sulfuric acid, ammonia, water), and heteromolecular (extremely low-volatility organic compounds (ELVOCs) from monoterpenes and sulfuric acid). The modelled number concentrations compare very well to measurements, with an average normalised mean error of 42 % for the daily number concentrations of particles larger than 10 nm and 37 % for the number concentrations of particles larger than 100 nm. The influence of the binary nucleation is low, and the ternary nucleation scheme leads to better simulated number concentrations (in terms of bias and error) at only one site out of three, but it systematically reduces the model to measurement correlation, suggesting that ternary nucleation may not be the dominant process in new particle formation. However, the relative bias and error, as well as the correlation at suburban sites, are systematically improved using the heteromolecular nucleation scheme involving sulfuric acid and ELVOCs from monoterpenes. This suggests that heteromolecular nucleation may be important in cities, especially at suburban sites in summer, and that a better characterisation of the emissions of ELVOC precursors from traffic is needed
Lab-scale characterization of emissions from incineration of halogen- and sulfur-containing nanowastes by use of a tubular furnace
No full textInternational audienceMany solid materials contain nanoparticles to enhance their functionalities. The question of whether they may release nanoparticles at different moments of their life cycle is raised. Lifecycle includes waste management. There is therefore a need to determine the fate of nanoparticles when the materials they are incorporated in are incinerated. The present study aims at shedding light on these issues. In this context, three real-life wastes selected for their specific compositions were combusted in a lab-scale furnace under incineration conditions. The first two wastes contained nanoparticles, namely silica and titanium dioxide. The third waste was purposely nanoparticle free. In addition, the waste containing titanium dioxide did contain chlorine and the nanoparticle-free material was partly made of sulfur. Disposal of halogen and sulfur-containing garbage implies an incineration temperature of 1100 °C. This complex waste composition was seen as an opportunity to assess possible interactions between nanoparticles and hazardous elements such as chlorine and sulfur during the combustion. Most of the analyses were supported by electronic microscopy imaging after having sampled particles in the fumes and in the bottom ashes. Eventually, three mechanistic scenarios were drawn from these experiments. Focus was made on the evolution of the nanostructure. It was observed to be preserved for the first waste. It disappeared both from the aerosol and the residue for the second waste. The third material, though not initially nanostructured, led to the formation of a nanostructure in the aerosol
A risk-based method to prioritize cumulative impacts assessment on marine biodiversity and research policy for offshore wind farms in France
No full textInternational audienceThis study developed the “ECUME” risk-based approach to identify and prioritize critical impact pathways to be considered in cumulative impact assessment of offshore windfarms, and for future research. The prioritization framework has been tested on two offshore windfarms projects located in the French part of the English Channel off the coast of Normandy, those of Fécamp and Courseulles-sur-Mer. The approach is based on a complete inventory of impact pathways, prioritizing those for which an impact assessment will be carried out. The aim was to avoid a “quantification bias” and elaborate a systemic vision. The novelty of the study is to apply a combination of expert judgement, consensus building, and a scoring system, to prioritize the pairs of pressures and receptors of the marine environment to work on. The scoring system is based on the ecological importance of receptors, the degree of knowledge on the effect of a pressure on a receptor and the sensitivity of each receptor to pressures. Priorities for research were also determined during the same process. Bringing together a large set of specialized marine environnement scientists, the initial challenge was to build a common vocabulary, and a shared understanding of the risk-based prioritization approach. This required significant time and effort but secured foundations for further work. This study confirms the increasingly shared view that adopting a risk-based approach considering adverse effects on receptors is an efficient way to assess cumulative impacts, to focus on critical impact pathways, and manage the scientific complexity and the significant uncertainties
Economic Growth and Scientific Knowledge as Determinants of Innovation Uptake in a Situation of Uncertainty About Environmental or Health Risk
No full textInternational audienceWith growing concern for potential negative impacts to health or the environment of new types of consumer goods reaching the market, a major challenge for both policy makers and producers is to understand conditions of uptake of innovation in a situation of uncertainty concerning risk related to these products. Our contribution studies the effects of economic growth and of the production of new scientific knowledge on risk, on innovation uptake. It focuses on the case of polycarbonate, an intermediate good that requires the use of bisphenol A (BPA), a suspected endocrine disruptor. Polycarbonate is a widely used material found in automotive but also in baby-bottles and other plastics. Using Japanese time-series data, the autoregressive distributed lag approach is applied to estimate the relationship between aggregate material use, economic growth and new scientific knowledge about risk related to this material. Polycarbonate sales are used as a dependent variable. First, the hypothesis of an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is tested. Then, the quarterly quantity of the global number of scientific articles dealing with potential risk of BPA is included in the model. Results support the EKC theory in so far as the model presents an inverted-U-shaped link between economic growth and polycarbonate use. There is also an inverted-U-shape curve of the relationship between the number of scientific publications and polycarbonate sales. In other words, the paper also shows that, in a first phase, the production of scientific knowledge about risk related to bisphenol A may have no negative impact on innovation uptake