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Modulation of brain functional connectivity in healthy young adults following GSM radiofrequency exposure: A magnetoencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging study
No full textInternational audienceIn our previous study, we showed that acute exposure to mobile phone radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at 900 MHz modulates the magnetoencephalographic rhythms of alpha band power in healthy participants. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the scope of this effect extends to the modulation of brain functional connectivity. To this end, healthy young individuals were exposed to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) signals at afrequency of 900 MHz, modulated at 217 Hz with a maximum power of 2 W. The pre- and post-exposure magnetoencephalographic recordings were normalized and used to calculate brain functional connectivity using the corrected imaginary phase-locking value. Our data revealed significant alterations in intra-hemispheric brain functional connectivity during real GSM-900 MHz exposure compared with the sham session. Specifically, regions in the right hemisphere—including the transverse temporal, entorhinal, insula, and posterior cingulate—were modulated bythe exposure. These findings suggest that GSM radiofrequency electromagnetic fields may influence neural communication and brain functional connectivity, potentially affecting cognitive processes. Further studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and assess the long-term implications for neural health
Particle emissions study from tire sample with nano-silver tracer from different steps of its life cycle. A new approach to trace emissions of tire microparticles
No full textInternational audienceEmissions due to tires retread/repair and incineration are a cause of concern owing to the presence of nanoparticles in the products. The assessment exposure to humans hereto related is a challenge in an environmental context. The first object of this work is to develop a method to characterize the emission sources using online (counting and sizing) and offline measurements. The second objective of this work is to apply this new metrological strategy to two tire samples. One of these samples contains nanoparticles made of silver to trace the nanoparticle emissions and assess the performance of the characterization method presented here.Retread/repair testing involves different tasks i.e., drilling, grinding, cutting and regrooving. Testing evidence that emissions adding dried droplets or carbon films and irregular-shaped particles are discernible in microscopy. Carbon and oxygen, and to a lesser extent silicon and sulphur are the most common chemical elements. The compound containing nano-Ag emitted the same amount or sometimes less nanoparticles (i.e., drilling, cutting and regrooving) than the compound having no nano-Ag. Silver embedded in the rubber matrix was found at low concentration in irregular-shaped particles originating from one of these two samples and highlights the approach interest.Incineration testing were carried out in a laboratory scale tubular furnace. The generated aerosol is dominated by soot whatever the sample. Few particles containing ZnO or silver are identified in residue samples. A STEM/EDX mapping analysis exhibits few nanoscale objects from incineration residue containing free nanosized silver particles and separated from the large silver object
A European aerosol phenomenology – 9: Light absorption properties of carbonaceous aerosol particles across surface Europe
No full textInternational audienceCarbonaceous aerosols (CA), composed of black carbon (BC) and organic matter (OM), significantly impact the climate. Light absorption properties of CA, particularly of BC and brown carbon (BrC), are crucial due to their contribution to global and regional warming. We present the absorption properties of BC (b) and BrC (b) inferred using Aethalometer data from 44 European sites covering different environments (traffic (TR), urban (UB), suburban (SUB), regional background (RB) and mountain (M)). Absorption coefficients showed a clear relationship with station setting decreasing as follows: TR > UB > SUB > RB > M, with exceptions. The contribution of b to total absorption (b), i.e. %Abs, was lower at traffic sites (11–20 %), exceeding 30 % at some SUB and RB sites. Low AAE values were observed at TR sites, due to the dominance of internal combustion emissions, and at some remote RB/M sites, likely due to the lack of proximity to BrC sources, insufficient secondary processes generating BrC or the effect of photobleaching during transport. Higher bAbs and AAE were observed in Central/Eastern Europe compared to Western/Northern Europe, due to higher coal and biomass burning emissions in the east. Seasonal analysis showed increased b, b}_{Abs,BrC}_{BrC}_{Abs,BC}_{Abs,BrC}_{BrC}_{BrC}_{Abs,BrC}$ and AAE increased, suggesting a shift in CA composition, with a relative increase in BrC over BC. This study provides a unique dataset to assess the BrC effects on climate and confirms that BrC can contribute significantly to UV–VIS radiation presenting highly variable absorption properties in Europe
The Cost Outcome Pathway Framework: Integrating Socio-Economic Impacts to Adverse Outcome Pathways for Supporting Policy Makers
No full textInternational audienceThe Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) concept leverages existing data to formalize and disseminate knowledge and is a well-accepted concept in chemical risk assessment. However, it does not handle the socio-economic impact that environmentally-induced diseases may generate, which might be highly relevant for risk management and prioritization. Here, we propose to connect the AOP framework by bridging an Adverse Outcome (AO) to Cost Outcomes (CO) creating so-called Cost Outcome Pathways (COPs) for including the socio-economic costs of exposure to chemicals into the AOP framework. Exposures to certain classes of chemicals have been linked to loss of intellectual quotient (IQ) points in children. This may lead to healthcare costs and reduced working productivity and contribute to increasing the substantial socio-economic burden worldwide. As an in silico case study, a new COP related to neurodevelopmental toxicity was designed, with a connection between the AO ‘decreased, IQ’ and an umbrella CO ‘increased, socio-economic burden’. This framework can support policymaking in the public health sector and might also hold great potential for other environmental exposure-related diseases such as cancer, obesity or neurodegeneration, which are diseases known to have detrimental socio-economic impacts
Post-Mining Hazard Management of the Former Gardanne Coal Basin (France): Feedback of 17 Years of Microseismic Monitoring
No full textInternational audienceThe former Provence coal basin, closed since 2003, has been monitored by a microseismic network since 2008. The objective is to detect the precursor signs of a brittle subsidence that would be caused by the collapse of the old underground mining works. Since the start of monitoring, no subsidence has affected the risk areas, and nearly 4000 events with a local magnitude between −3 < ML < 3 have been recorded. One sector in particular, called the Fuveau swarm, located outside the risk zones and therefore outside the brittle subsidence hazard zones, has attracted attention since 2012 because it was the subject of several seismic episodes felt in 2010, 2012, 2014, late 2016–early 2017, and August 2017. Since 2017, it has been established that the observed seismicity cannot be explained only by instability phenomena in the old mining works. The most likely hypothesis is that of the remobilization of faults hydraulically connected to the mining works, with seismic activity that is closely linked to variations in the groundwater level, which are themselves influenced by pumping and effective rainfall. This paper shows, through multiplet analysis method of the seismic data recorded by the monitoring network stations, that part of the seismicity in the monitoring areas is also due to the reactivation of tectonic faults. This conclusion is based on the concordance between the location of the multiplets and the orientation of the main faults mapped in the studied areas, as well as on the fact that the strongest events belong to these multiplets. This finding underscores the need to integrate fault reactivation into seismic monitoring strategies, beyond the current focus on mining-induced instabilities. This conclusion leads us to recommend revising the list of post-mining hazards, as post-mining seismic risk is often overlooked in many European regulations
Guide de bonnes pratiques pour la maitrise de la sismicité induite : présentation et comparaison avec la méthodologie utilisée dans des pays voisins
No full textInternational audienceL'Ineris et le BRGM ont publié en 2023 un guide de bonnes pratiques (Ineris et Brgm, 2023) à destination des opérateurs et de l'administration française impliqués dans la géothermie profonde. Dans ce guide, nous avons tout d'abord réalisé une revue mondiale des projets de géothermie profonde afin d'identifier les facteurs clés déclenchant la sismicité induite. Sur la base de cette étude de cas, nous avons défini une méthodologie pour évaluer l'aléa sismique induit par la géothermie tout au long du cycle de vie d'un projet (de l'exploration à la fermeture).L'évaluation de l’aléa est basée sur une approche par arbre de décision, impliquant des critères spécifiques pour chaque phase du projet, ce qui permet d'obtenir des niveaux de risque allant de 0 (peu préoccupant) à 3 (très préoccupant). Pour chacun de ces niveaux d’aléa, des recommandations sont ensuite données en termes de données à acquérir pour caractériser le réservoir et évaluer l’aléa, de surveillance sismique, ainsi que de protocoles de feux de circulation (TLS) à appliquer. Adossé à ce guide une trame de mémoire technique, à adosser à la demande d’autorisation environnementale, a été élaborée pour démontrer comment sont prises en compte les recommandations du guide.D’autres pays européens disposent de guides de bonnes pratiques et/ou de législations encadrant les usages du sous-sol. Nous avons réalisé une comparaison des différentes approches utilisées suivant les pays (France, Italie, Pays-Bas, Suisse) en termes de méthodes, de responsabilités, d’obligations… Cette comparaison permet de mettre en avant les avantages mais aussi les limites de l’approche française.Ineris et BRGM, (2023). Guide de bonnes pratiques pour la maîtrise de la sismicité induite par les opérations de géothermie profonde. De Santis F., Maury J., Klein E., Peter-Borie M., Contrucci I., Dominique P
Escenario de inundación previsible de la mina de potasa de Alsacia y del emplazamiento subterráneo de almacenamiento final de residuos de StocaMine (Francia): Un caso de estudio
No full textInternational audienceIn 1999, a final waste storage site known as StocaMine was established at a depth of about 500 m within the former Alsace potash mines (France). The administrative abandonment procedure for this mine, which was initiated in 2010, provides for the permanent containment of the waste on site. The mining operator launched a large number of studies to assess the potential effect that the presence of this waste could have on current and future populations and environment. The main studies were aimed to describe the likely flooding scenario of the mining operations on the one hand, and of the storage site on the other. This flooding results from the inevitable percolation of water from the Alsace alluvial water table through the 15 abandoned mine shafts. After a few centuries, when the flooding ceases, the continued compaction of underground cavities under the weight of the overlying terrain may induce an effusion of potentially polluted brine at the base of the Alsace alluvial water table. A series of hydrogeological, geochemical, and geomechanical modelling exercises, mostly carried out by the French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (Institut français de l’environnement industriel et des risques—Ineris) has thus been implemented to quantify this risk and to propose measures for managing it
Modelling oxidative potential of atmospheric particle: A 2-year study over France
No full textInternational audienceThe oxidative potential (OP) of particulate matter (PM) has emerged as a promising indicator of the adverse effects of PM on human health. In particular, OP is an indicator for oxidative stress in biological media through formation of reactive oxygen species. To provide a mapping of the spatial and temporal OP variability over France, we have developed a strategy to simulate the volume-normalized oxidative potential (OPv) in the state-of-the-art CHIMERE air quality model over the metropolitan French territory for the years 2013 and 2014. To do so, we combined a measurement-derived and source specific intrinsic OP (OPi) receptor modelling approach with Particle Source Apportionment Technology (PSAT) in CHIMERE. First, the model's ability to reproduce PM10 concentrations and speciation was verified using in situ observations in mainland France. Furthermore, a mostly satisfying correspondence between receptor model and PSAT outputs was obtained considering their source specific chemical profiles. Simulated versus observed OPv values showed median correlations ranging from 0.35 to 0.60 and mean fractional biases from −30 % to zero, depending on the OP assay considered (ascorbic acid AA, or dithiothreitol DTT) and the PM sources taken into account (i.e. two methods with different PM sources have been used, the reduced and the extended set methods). The modelled two-year average OPv fields show greater spatial hot spots over large urban areas (especially along roadsides) compared to those for PM10 distributions, due to elevated intrinsic OPi values for the primary anthropogenic sources such as traffic and biomass burning. These effects are stronger for the AA compared to the DTT assays, and for a method with a reduced set compared to an extended set of sources. Overall, through the OP apportionment, these results advocate for reinforcing action plans to reduce emissions from road traffic as well as biomass burning emissions
Molecular representation of benzene SOA for 3D modelling
No full textInternational audienceAromatic compounds account for a significant proportion of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds emissions, and their atmospheric ageing is a key driver of the formation and growth of organic aerosols. In this study, the benzene oxidation scheme extracted from the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) 3.3.1 was revised and improved by the implementation of several new oxidation pathways, including multigeneration oxidation, peroxy radical rearrangement, formation of di-bridged species and autoxidation. These updates lead to the formation of various compounds that can partition into organic and aqueous aerosol phases. Comparisons to chamber experiments of benzene and phenol oxidation show that the addition of these pathways provides a better representation of the formation (aerosol mass yields) and chemical composition of secondary organic aerosols.While near-explicit schemes provide greater details, their computational complexity makes them difficult to directly implement in chemistry-transport models. To address this, the near-explicit scheme of benzene is reduced using the GENerator of Reduced Organic Aerosol Mechanisms (GENOA) algorithm under representative atmospheric conditions. Using reduction strategies and evaluation criteria, GENOA trains and reduces the SOA mechanism under atmospheric conditions commonly encountered over Europe. The trained benzene SOA mechanism preserves the main characteristic of the near-explicit mechanism (e.g., chemical pathways, molecular structures of crucial compounds, the effect of non-ideality and hydrophilic/hydrophobic partitioning of aerosols), with a size (in terms of reaction and species numbers) that is manageable for three-dimensional aerosol modelling (e.g., regional chemical transport models)
LES of atmospheric dispersion of ammonia from storage tank ullage space under real meandering wind currents in 800 m domain
No full textInternational audienceThis study aims to develop and validate a CFD model for large eddy simulations of gaseous ammonia released from the ullage space of a storage tank through the piping system to the atmosphere under realistic wind conditions measured experimentally. The simulations are validated against Test No.1 conducted by INERIS (Bouet et al., 2005) of 460 s release duration with ammonia concentration decay measured up to 800 m downwind of the release nozzle. The computational domain was designed to represent a large-scale atmospheric dispersion scenario in conditions of meandering wind currents. The atmospheric turbulence is simulated by incorporating real-time meteorological data on wind direction and speed oscillations. The proposed methodology accounts for meandering wind currents. This methodology, combined with sub-grid scale Smagorinsky-Lilly turbulence modelling, enables accurate simulations of ammonia dispersion observed in the experiment. The simulations reproduced measured in the near-field (20 m from the release nozzle) transient ammonia concentration with high accuracy. The simulations also accurately captured the average concentration decay up to 800 m downwind of the release location. The hazard distance defined by the flammability of the ammonia-air mixture is estimated as 13.2 m from the release. The maximum toxicity cloud envelope extends to 205 m downwind, 9.5 m vertically, and 21.3 m laterally for the fatality threshold and increasing to 837 m, 18 m, and 53 m, respectively, for the injury limit. The study highlights the importance of proper modelling and simulations of real wind meandering currents for predicting realistic hazard distances