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Biological effect and chemical monitoring of Watch List substances in European surface waters: Steroidal estrogens and diclofenac – Effect-based methods for monitoring frameworks
No full textInternational audienceThree steroidal estrogens, 17 alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2), 17 beta-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), diclofenac have been included in the first Watch List of the Water Framework Directive (WFD, EU Directive 2000/60/EC, EU Implementing Decision 2015/495). This triggered the need for more EU-wide surface water monitoring data on these micropollutants, before they can be considered for inclusion in the list of priority substances regularly monitored in aquatic ecosystems. The revision of the priority substance list of the WFD offers the opportunity to incorporate more holistic bioanalytical approaches, such as effect-based monitoring, alongside single substance chemical monitoring. Effect-based methods (EBMs) are able to measure total biological activities (e.g., estrogenic activity or cyxlooxygenase [COX]-inhibition) of specific group of substances (such as estrogens and NSAIDs) in the aquatic environment at low concentrations (pg/L). This makes them potential tools for a cost-effective and ecotoxicologically comprehensive water quality assessment. In parallel, the use of such methods could build a bridge from chemical status assessments towards ecological status assessments by adressing mixture effects for relevant modes of action. Our study aimed to assess the suitability of implementing EBMs in the WFD, by conducting a large-scale sampling and analysis campaign of more than 70 surface waters across Europe. This resulted in the generation of high-quality chemical and effect-based monitoring data for the selected Watch List substances. Overall, water samples contained low estrogenicity (0.01-1.3 ng E2-Equivalent/L) and a range of COX-inhibition activity similar to previously reported levels (12-1600 ng Diclofenac-Equivalent/L). Comparison between effect-based and conventional analytical chemical methods showed that the chemical analytical approach for steroidal estrogens resulted in more (76%) non-quantifiable data, i.e., concentrations were below detection limits, compared to the EBMs (28%). These results demonstrate the excellent and sensitive screening capability of EBMs
European aerosol phenomenology − 8: Harmonised source apportionment of organic aerosol using 22 Year-long ACSM/AMS datasets
No full textInternational audienceOrganic aerosol (OA) is a key component of total submicron particulate matter (PM1), and comprehensiveknowledge of OA sources across Europe is crucial to mitigate PM1 levels. Europe has a well-established air qualityresearch infrastructure from which yearlong datasets using 21 aerosol chemical speciation monitors (ACSMs) and1 aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) were gathered during 2013–2019. It includes 9 non-urban and 13 urban sites.This study developed a state-of-the-art source apportionment protocol to analyse long-term OA mass spectrumdata by applying the most advanced source apportionment strategies (i.e., rolling PMF, ME-2, and bootstrap).This harmonised protocol was followed strictly for all 22 datasets, making the source apportionment results morecomparable. In addition, it enables quantification of the most common OA components such as hydrocarbon-likeOA (HOA), biomass burning OA (BBOA), cooking-like OA (COA), more oxidised-oxygenated OA (MO-OOA), andless oxidised-oxygenated OA (LO-OOA). Other components such as coal combustion OA (CCOA), solid fuel OA(SFOA: mainly mixture of coal and peat combustion), cigarette smoke OA (CSOA), sea salt (mostly inorganic butpart of the OA mass spectrum), coffee OA, and ship industry OA could also be separated at a few specific sites.Oxygenated OA (OOA) components make up most of the submicron OA mass (average = 71.1%, range from 43.7to 100%). Solid fuel combustion-related OA components (i.e., BBOA, CCOA, and SFOA) are still considerablewith in total 16.0% yearly contribution to the OA, yet mainly during winter months (21.4%). Overall, thiscomprehensive protocol works effectively across all sites governed by different sources and generates robust andconsistent source apportionment results. Our work presents a comprehensive overview of OA sources in Europewith a unique combination of high time resolution (30–240 min) and long-term data coverage (9–36 months),providing essential information to improve/validate air quality, health impact, and climate models
Mapping active faulting in post-mining induced seismicity by network-based waveform similarity analyses and moment tensor inversions
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Data fusion for air quality mapping using low-cost sensor observations
No full textInternational audienceThe recent technological developments and the strong increased interest for public information lead to a fast-growing use of low-cost sensors (LCS) for air quality monitoring. In Nantes (a French city), LCS have been installed in the city center and deployed on driving school cars, ambulances and service vehicles to measure PM concentrations. We used the large amount of PM10 observations provided by the sensors for air quality mapping to show the potential added-value with respect to the dispersion model (ADMS-Urban) calculations (Gressent et al., 2020). Data fusion was performed by combining the preprocessed fixed and mobile LCS observations in November 2018 and the 2016 annual average of the ADMS-Urban outputs. The measurement uncertainty related to the LCS and the dispersion of the data are considered in data fusion that is achieved at hourly resolution. Results show that considering the model alone implies 8% bias whereas including the LCS observations reduces the bias to 2.5%. However, the fusion tends to smooth the PM10 peaks. In addition, the effect of the measurement uncertainty has been investigated by doubling it or reducing it to the reference station measurement uncertainty. The sensitivity study demonstrates that the performance is increasing by reducing the uncertainty. This highlights the importance to estimate accurately the measurement uncertainty of the devices to ensure relevant air quality mapping. The method efficiency is also quite limited by the low correlation between the sensor observations and the model used as external drift in the kriging that may be explained by the remaining bias on LCS data. This has been addressed in Rollin et al., in prep, for PM2.5 by developing a new methodology to identify “rendez-vous” between sensors that relies on a graph approach linking measurements of sensors close to each other’s that allows characterizing and correcting the measurement bias
La pratique des FOH dans les entreprises ICPE
No full textInternational audienceCette communication présente les enseignements tirés de la mise en oeuvre de démarches FOH dans les entreprises ICPE. Ces enseignements sont tirés d'un groupe d'échange regroupant plusieurs industriels dont les porteurs de ces démarches ont partagé leurs expériences. Basés sur l'idée d'une clarification de ce type de pratiques dans les entreprises à risques à partir d'un guide de l'Ineris, ces échanges ont permis de parcourir de nombreux thèmes associés à la mise en oeuvre de ces démarches. La communication présente les historiques, positionnement dans l'organisation des porteurs de ces compétences, le déploiement et les problématiques associées au déploiement. Ces enseignements pourront enrichir une version ultérieure du guide
The inherent variability of some environmental analytical methods hampers the circular economy of materials
No full textInternational audienceThis paper is the third part of three papers on sampling by the number of particles, focusing on analytical variability. The objective is to propose a target variability of waste and contaminated soil analyses (extraction and quantification), that can be used for calculation of the size of a representative sample. Data of intra- and inter-laboratory variability are presented. As the variability of the quantification step (after extraction) is limited in waste and soil analyses to about 0.01, the analytical variability stems from three main sources: (i) non-homogeneous test portions; (ii) for partial extraction methods, variable extraction rate, due to presence of options in the method or insufficient time for equilibrium (leaching or percolation test, biotests); and (iii) ill-defined solid/liquid separation (leaching or percolation tests), critical since there are colloids and nanoparticles in the leachates, representing from 0 to 100% of the element fraction in the leachate. Counter-intuitively, the centrifugation (annex E of EN 12457) series before the 450 nm-filtration delivers leachates more concentrated in particles (median size 150 nm, 1 sample) and statistically more concentrated in elements (+13%, 27 samples, 287 paired data). Without centrifugation, the filter cake that builds up on the membrane is an additional filter. A target intra-laboratory variability of CVr = 0.10 (10%) and inter-laboratory variability of CVR = 0.20 (20%) is proposed for all analytical methods. The methods with higher CVr and CVR should be revisited to not jeopardise the sampling and characterisation efforts of waste and soil, particularly for valorisation in the circular economy
A New Way to Generate Automatically the Attacks Scenarios and Combine them with Safety Risks
No full textInternational audienceIndustrial systems have undergone a transformation with the introduction of connected systems and digitaltechnology into their control systems, making them open to new cybersecurity threats that affect the safety of thesystem with the accidental situations. Therefore, analysing these new threats becomes crucial during risk analysis.A significant number of risk analysis approaches have been proposed to treat independently the safety andcybersecurity issues. There is a strong interest in developing risk analysis approaches that combine safety andcybersecurity, particularly in the critical process industry, which poses a significant risk to local populations andthe environment. The goal of this article is to present a new developed risk analysis approach that aims to generatethe possible attacks scenarios that can occur in industrial systems systematically in new models, and generatethese scenarios automatically using a computerized code to simplify the risk analysis process; especially for userswho are not experts in the domain of cybersecurity
Benchmark of European Practices for Land-use Planning around Seveso Establishments
No full textInternational audienceThe authorities in charge of Seveso establishments in the Walloon region of Belgium has organized abenchmark study to understand the practices for land-use planning around Seveso establishments in applicationof the article 13 of the European Directive 2012/18/UE of 4 July 2012, called Seveso III, concerning the controlof major accident hazards involving dangerous substances.The objectives of the study were to:• Analyse the practical implementation of the land use planning (LUP) procedure according to the SevesoIII directive in several member states• Identify the legal basis and the explicit method & criteria for LUP• Identify the measures to control the urbanization around hazardous establishments• Understand the condition of revision of LUP documents in case of modifications of the installations orchanges in the determination of the zones (thresholds, calculation software, databases for failure rates…).The benchmark provides detailed information on the implementation of the land-use planning procedure, and itreveal the commonalities and differences in the approach among European countries and regions
Caractérisation hydromécanique et modélisation du comportement de la craie de Chateau-Landon (77)
No full textInternational audienceCet article présente les résultats d’essais obtenus sur des échantillonssaturés visant à une caractérisation du comportement hydromécanique de la craie deChâteau-Landon (77). Un modèle de comportement élastoplastique de ladite craie, inspiréde la micromécanique est en cours de développement. Les premières simulationsassociées aux résultats expérimentaux vont permettre d’enrichir sa formulation