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Key Learnings from Recent Lithium-ion Battery Incidents that have Impacted e-mobility and Energy Storage Fast Growing Market
No full textInternational audienceLearning lessons from accidents has always been very instructive for developing inherently safer technologiesand processes. This paper aims to show that lithium-ion rechargeable battery (LIB) technology is no exception,as the penetration of these devices into society has been accompanied by a number of significant fires andexplosions. The relatively small incidents involving LIBs arose from their application in an ever wider and morevaried range of portable electronic products in the mid 2000's, leading to, for example, repeated recalls of laptopcomputers. Later it became apparent that failures could and would occur in the full value chain of LIBs, startingfrom the manufacturing of cells up to end-of life issues and recycling. The true nature of the risks and hazardsof LIBs has only started to become apparent with larger batteries, for example those associated with e-mobility(electric vehicles) and grid-scale battery energy storage systems, and hence this paper focusses on the lessonsto be learnt from incidents involving these systems
On the Hazard Investigation of Polymerizing Substances through Experimental Methods and Theoretical Chemistry
No full textInternational audiencePolymerizing substances can undergo strongly exothermic reactions under specific conditions such as transport.For this reason, they are considered under specific classification and safety recommendations. But theirclassification is mainly based on criteria initially intended for self-reactive substances and organic peroxides.So, considering their specific reactivity mechanisms, adaptations of the test methods and classification criteriacould be needed and proposed.In this context, Ineris engaged efforts to evaluate the possible limits of experimental methods and the potentialof theoretical chemistry tools to investigate the hazards and reaction mechanisms associated to polymerizingsubstances and to their self-polymerization
Local to continental scale coupled fire-atmosphere simulation of large industrial fire plume
No full textInternational audienceThis paper presents an approach to reproduce small to large scale dispersion of smoke induced by industrial fires based on the atmospheric code Meso-NH coupled with the ForeFire surface fire code. Meso-NH can solve explicitly micro to meso-scale meteorology, while ForeFire allows for an e cient parametrization of the injected heat and vapour fluxes. The combination of these two models allows for a straightforward implementation of the heat source term and simultaneously accounts for its e ect on local meteorology (as convection and latent heat), thus leading to a prognostic representation of the developing plume. The context of the study imposed to set model parameters that allow for faster than real time forecast along with a qualitatively realistic representation of the plume. Model evaluation in the vicinity of the fire is performed by comparing results with a combustion CFD solver on an idealized situation, followed by a mesh sensitivity study. Then, the proposed coupled method is applied to a real-case multi-scale simulation of smoke dispersion from the local (city) to the continental scale in a twice faster than real-time computation time
Using environmental monitoring data from apex predators for chemicals management: towards better use of monitoring data from apex predators in support of prioritisation and risk assessment of chemicals in Europe
No full textInternational audienceA large number of apex predator samples are available in European research collections, environmental specimen banks and natural history museums that could be used in chemical monitoring and regulation. Apex predators bioaccumulate pollutants and integrate contaminant exposure over large spatial and temporal scales, thus providing key information for risk assessments. Still, present assessment practices under the different European chemical legislations hardly use existing chemical monitoring data from top predators. Reasons include the lack of user-specific guidance and the fragmentation of data across time and space. The European LIFE APEX project used existing sample collections and applied state-of-the-art target and non-target screening methods, resulting in the detection of > 4,560 pollutants including legacy compounds. We recommend establishing infrastructures that include apex predators as an early warning system in Europe. Chemical data of apex species from freshwater, marine and terrestrial compartments should become an essential component in future chemical assessment and management across regulations, with the purpose to (1) validate registration data with ‘real world’ measurements and evaluate the predictability of current models; (2) identify and prioritise hazardous chemicals for further assessment; (3) use data on food web magnification as one line of evidence to assess biomagnification; (4) determine the presence of (bio)transformations products and typical chemical mixtures, and (5) evaluate the effectiveness of risk management measures by trend analysis. We highlight the achievements of LIFE APEX with regard to novel trend and mixture analysis tools and prioritisation schemes. The proposed advancements complement current premarketing regulatory assessments and will allow the detection of contaminants of emerging concern at an early stage, trigger risk management measures and evaluations of their effects with the ultimate goal to protect humans and the environment. This is the second policy brief of the LIFE APEX project
3D Modelling of Excavation-Induced Anisotropic Responses of Deep Drifts at the Meuse/Haute-Marne URL
No full textInternational audienceUnderstanding the excavation-induced fractured zone (EFZ) around drifts is paramount in the context of the deep geological disposal for nuclear waste since fractures can introduce pathways for the migration of radionuclides. Drifts in the Meuse/Haute-Marne Underground Research Laboratory (URL) have been essentially excavated following the two main directions of major and minor horizontal stresses. Field observations on the two drifts GCS (parallel to major horizontal stress direction) and GED (parallel to minor horizontal stress direction) in the URL show anisotropic shapes of EFZ around drifts through both orientations and anisotropic convergences. These anisotropic responses resulted from the inherent and/or induced anisotropies of the host rock as well as the anisotropic stress field. This study focuses on 3D numerical modelling of excavation-induced anisotropic responses including shape and extent of EFZ, and short-term convergences of drifts. The main assumption is that the failure of claystone material is due to fracturing along weakness planes (ubiquitous joints) and the failure of the rock matrix. The ubiquitous joint failure is represented by perfectly plastic models for both tensile and shear yield functions. Their orientation is determined from the stress state based on the fracture mechanics, which includes tensile, longitudinal splitting and shear (conjugate planes) cracks. The rock matrix is assumed to be elastoplastic with hardening, softening and residual behaviours. Confining pressure dependency for the post-peak behaviour with a brittle–ductile transition is taken into account for the rock matrix. The proposed model is implemented into a commercial numerical software FLAC3D. The main features of the implemented model are shown by the simulation of laboratory triaxial compression tests, as well as field observation within the URL. In particular, comparisons between 3D simulations of GCS and GED drifts with in situ observations shows promising results, which demonstrates advances of present model with respect to existing models
Establishing a zero-pollution circular economy: an overview of the Horizon2020-Green Deal project PROMISCES 
No full textInternational audienceThe PROMISCES project aims to understand the origins, routes and fates of industrial persistent, mobile and potentially toxic pollutants (iPM(T)s), including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These substances, also called “forever chemicals”, can be harmful to the environment, human health and circular economy resources.PROMISCES will develop, test and demonstrate, new technologies and innovations to prevent, monitor and remediate iPM(T)s in the soil-sediment-water system under real-life conditions in the field. In this way, PROMISCES will establish more cost-effective, sustainable and ecological technologies for remediating PFAS and iPM(T)s.The project will support the European Green Deal goals and sustainability roadmap of urbanised areas by reducing the environmental impacts on waters (surface and groundwater, urban runoff, drinking waters, wastewater, landfill leachate), soils (contaminated sites, brownfields) and dredged sediments (river, seaports) and of nutrient and material recovery (from sewage sludge to recovered fertilisers, dredged sediments to valorised materials, reclaimed water to crops).To pursue this objective, PROMISCES is centered around seven representative case studies in different European regions linked with challenging chemical pollution, including locations in Spain, Italy, Bulgaria, France, Germany and the Danube river basin between Vienna and Budapest.This Horizon2020-Green Deal project will address key technological challenges while also developing recommendations for implementing relevant EU plans - such as the Zero Pollution Action Plan, the Circular Economy Action Plan and the EU chemicals strategy for sustainability - and EU policy directives, such as the Sewage Sludge Directive and the Water Framework Directive
Improvements in Estimating Bioaccumulation Metrics in the Light of Toxicokinetic Models and Bayesian Inference
No full textInternational audienceThe surveillance of chemical substances in the scope of Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) is classically performed through bio-assays from which data are collected and then analysed and/or modelled. Some analysis are based on the fitting of toxicokinetic (TK) models to assess the bioaccumulation capacity of chemical substances via the estimation of bioaccumulation metrics as required by regulatory documents. Given that bio-assays are particularly expensive and time consuming, it is of crucial importance to deeply benefit from all information contained in the data. By revisiting the calculation of bioaccumulation metrics under a Bayesian framework, this paper suggests changes in the way of characterising the bioaccumulation capacity of chemical substances. For this purpose, a meta-analysis of a data-rich TK database was performed, considering uncertainties around bioaccumulation metrics. Our results were statistically robust enough to suggest an additional criterion to the single median estimate of bioaccumulation metrics to assign a chemical substance to a given bioaccumulation capacity. Our proposal is to use the 75th percentile of the uncertainty interval of the bioaccumulation metrics, which revealed an appropriate complement for the classification of chemical substances (e.g. PBT (persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic) and vPvB (very persistent and very bioaccumulative) under the EU chemicals legislation). The 75% quantile proved its efficiency, similarly classifying 90% of the chemical substances as the conventional method
Effect of different wastewater composition on kinetics, capacities, and mechanisms of phosphorus sorption by carbonated bauxite residue
No full textInternational audienceThis study aims at evaluating the effect of different wastewater composition on kinetics, capacities, and mechanisms of P sorption by carbonated bauxite residues (CBR). A series of batch experiments was performed to investigate P sorption behaviors from solutions prepared with different aqueous matrices (deionized water, tap water, and real wastewater) and different initial P concentrations (from 10 to 200 mg P/L). Also, a series of sequential P extractions was performed to investigate P fractionation of CBR before and after its use in P sorption experiments, and hence to elucidate the main P removal mechanisms. The results indicate that initial P concentration is the most influential parameter controlling kinetics, capacities, and mechanisms of P removal in batch experiments. Kinetic constant of P sorption increases exponentially with decreasing initial P concentration below 100 mg P/L, thus indicating a faster achievement of P sorption equilibrium. Equilibrium P sorption capacities increase linearly from about 0.2 to about 3.9 mg P/g CBR with increasing initial P concentration from 10 to 200 mg P/L, thus indicating that P saturation of CBR was not reached. Ca phosphate precipitation is the main P removal mechanism at higher initial P concentrations (> 10 mg P/L), whereas phosphate adsorption on CBR surface becomes more relevant over the total amount of P removed at lower initial P concentrations. Overall, the findings of this study allow to evaluate kinetic constants, sorption capacities, and removal mechanisms under different operating scenarios, thus providing crucial information for the design and operation of P treatment units
