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The impact of common impurities present in gypsum deposits on in situ dissolution kinetics
No full textInternational audienceThis study aims to bring elements of understanding of water-gypsum interactions in situ to better assess the development of dissolution cavities in areas where gypsum is present at depth. Different types of natural gypsum facies are tested, impure alabaster, sacharoidal and clay/carbonate matrices gypsum. An experimental protocol is first developed to study the effect of erosion and particle transport on gypsum dissolution. An original leaching experiment under constant flow is then elaborated to study the effect of erosion and particle transport on the dissolution of gypsum. The flow of released particles is globally low and mostly composed of solid impurities (insolubles). The distribution of insolubles at the water-gypsum interface is found to have a significant impact on the dissolution. Geochemical models are then used to investigate the influence of the most common minerals present in natural gypsum on the dissolution process and the chemical composition of groundwater at their contact. These findings, applied to in situ conditions, allow us to evaluate the relevance of the common use of a simple criterion such as dissolved sulfate content or electrical conductivity to identify a system saturated in gypsum. Lastly, an effective recession rate, derived from the dissolution rate and evaluated directly according to the groundwater saturation index of gypsum, is used to determine the intensity of natural gypsum dissolution in the study area
An underground research laboratory at Château-Landon (France) to study the impact of climate change on the stability of abandoned mines
No full textInternational audienceIn January 1910, a chalk mine at Château-Landon in the Paris basin brutally collapsed, causing 7 fatalities. This dramatic event was related to the centennial flood of the Seine River and one of its tributaries, the Loing River, which invaded the lower parts of the mine and eventually weakened the entire structure. To understand the conditions that triggered the disaster and anticipate other catastrophic event of this kind elsewhere, the Royer mine, located in the same area, was chosen to host an underground scientific observatory. Its goal is to study water–rock interactions and in particular water circulation and unusual ground saturation conditions on the behaviour of chalk. The Royer chalk mine is shallow, above the water-table, easily accessible and globally stable. It has been equipped with a high resolution multiparameter monitoring network in 2019; all the sensors are connected to The French National Monitoring Centre for Ground and Underground risks (Cenaris). Besides from in situ observations and monitoring, series of laboratory tests are carried out on samples to study the impact of hydraulic cycles on the short- and long-term behaviours of chalk. A hydromechanical model is also under development to analyse the results and better assess the overall stability of the mine in the context of climate of change. In this paper, we provide a brief summary on the challenges to assess geohazards from abandoned chalk mines, and then present in detail the observatory, its objectives and perspectives, as well as the first results after two years of activity
Post-Mining Risk Management and multi-hazard approaches, methodology and application
No full textInternational audienceAfter intensively exploiting the mineral resources of its subsoil for several centuries, French mining sites have gradually closed. The “post-mining” of a site mine is concerned by many hazards which can occur such as: ground movement phenomena (subsidence, collapses), rising gas, irreversible disruptions in underground water circulation induced by mining can potentially cause disturbances, both in terms of water circulation patterns (Flooding in low areas, disruption of waterway flows) and water quality (pollution). The multi-hazards assessment methodology consists of four steps: the identification and the assessment of the singles hazards, the identification of the potential hazard interactions, the identification of the level and the consequences of the interactions and the finally the adjustment and the mapping of the hazard interaction. The matrix tool and interaction organigrams are used to identify the potential interactions. The paper presents the methodology for the interaction between two main hazards: flooding and ground movement. The interaction methodology was applied on two case studies: shallow chalk mine and deep coal mine (France). The results demonstrate the importance of multi-hazard assessment. This analysis depends on the quality and the quantity of existing data for carrying out the multi-hazard assessment
Multi-year datasets of PM1 chemical composition and organic aerosol sources in different French urban and suburban areas
No full textInternational audienceIn France, exposure to fine particles (PM) is responsible for 48000 premature deaths per year. PM concentrations exceed the annual PM2.5 concentration of 5 µg.m-3 recommended by the WHO (EEA, 2021). In this context, more than 12 ACSMs (Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor) and aethalometers (AE33) have been operating quasi-continuously since 2015 at different French urban sites. The objective is to provide a long-term dataset of the chemical composition of PM1 particles and to study the sources of organic aerosols (OA) by applying the rolling Positive Matrix Factorization method. This approach, based on relevant constraints and criteria, has the advantage of capturing potential temporal changes in source profiles within multi-year datasets.The results of this study first confirm that OA is the main component of submicron aerosol in many French cities (40-60% of PM1). Spatial variability in the chemical composition and OA sources is also observed. Primary factors are mainly related to combustion processes. In particular, hydrocarbon-type OA (related to traffic, HOA) and that from biomass combustion (BBOA) are present at all sites. The HOA factor shows a fairly constant contribution to the OA throughout the period while the BBOA factor varies with a peak in winter due to increased emissions from residential wood burning. Other site-specific primary sources were also resolved, including those related to cooking, as well as port and/or industrial emissions. Oxygenated factors were distinguished between their less and more oxidized fractions (LO-OOA and MO-OOA, respectively). These oxygenated factors dominate the OA at all sites, with an average contribution of 74%, suggesting a very strong contribution from aging and secondary formation processes. Comparison with the CHIMERE model and with filter-based aerosol tracers is also considered to improve our knowledge of OA sources in France and may help improve the accuracy of air quality models.AcknowledgmentsThis work was supported by the French Ministry of Environment, through the CARA program. It is also part of the Labex CaPPA project (ANR-11-LABX-0005-01), and the CLIMIBIO project, both also funded by the Regional Council “Hauts-de-France” and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).References[1] European Environment Agency, Air quality in Europe 2021 — European Environment Agency: https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/air-quality-in-europe-2021
Hygroscopic behaviour of two distinct environment aerosols in relation to its chemical composition during the ACROSS campaign
No full textInternational audienc
Analyse des fractions granulométriques utilisées pour l’évaluation des expositions par inhalationd’aérosols - Pertinence et comparaison des fractions environnementales - PM10 , PM2,5 - et professionnelles - inhalable, thoracique, alvéolaire
No full textCitation suggérée : Anses. (2023). Analyse des fractions granulométriques utilisées pour l’évaluation des expositions par inhalation d’aérosols. Pertinence et comparaison des fractions environnementales - PM10, PM2,5 - et professionnelles - inhalable, thoracique, alvéolaire-. (saisine 2018-SA-0076). Maisons-Alfort : Anses, 177 p.Il existe un grand nombre de termes utilisés couramment dans la littérature scientifique et dans la réglementation pour décrire et étudier la pollution atmosphérique particulaire. Le termegénérique « aérosols » désigne un mélange de particules solides et/ou liquides en suspension dans un milieu gazeux. Les particules sont habituellement classées par taille en fonction deleur diamètre aérodynamique équivalent et réparties statistiquement sous forme de distributions granulométriques. Le diamètre aérodynamique permet de différencier les particules qui sédimentent rapidement de celles qui peuvent pénétrer facilement dans les voies respiratoires.La proportion de matière particulaire qui est inhalée par un être humain dépend des propriétés des particules dont la taille mais également de la vitesse et de la direction de l’air près du corpsainsi que de la fréquence respiratoire et du mode de respiration (par le nez ou par la bouche). Les particules inhalées peuvent alors soit se déposer dans différents compartiments des voiesrespiratoires soit être éliminées. Le site de dépôt et la probabilité d’expiration dépendent entre autres des propriétés des particules, des voies respiratoires et du régime respiratoire. D´unepersonne à l´autre, une variation importante de la probabilité d´inhalation, de dépôt, de réaction au dépôt, et d´élimination des particules est observée.La surveillance des particules dans l’air ambiant ou l’air des lieux de travail, à des fins d’évaluation de l’exposition de la population générale et/ou professionnelle, nécessite des méthodes reproductibles de prélèvement des aérosols et permettant de prélever des fractions d’aérosols pertinentes au regard des effets sanitaires. Des conventions ont donc été établies pour l´échantillonnage sélectif en taille des particules en suspension dans l’air. Il s’agit de spécifications pour les échantillonneurs en terme d’efficacité de prélèvement en fonction dudiamètre aérodynamique des particules. La surveillance des particules dans l’air ambiant prend communément en considération lesfractions d’aérosol appelées PM10 et PM2,5 (norme NF EN 12341).La surveillance des expositions professionnelles aux agents chimiques sous forme d’aérosols prend en considération différentes fractions massiques particulaires : inhalable, thoracique etalvéolaire. Ces fractions sont définies (normes NF EN 481 et NF ISO 7708) en relation avec la probabilité de pénétration des particules dans le tractus respiratoire, cette probabilité étantcroissante avec la diminution de la taille des particules.Les référentiels d’évaluation des expositions aux particules par inhalation diffèrent suivant le cadre réglementaire et s’appuient sur ces conventions d’échantillonnage :• S’agissant de la population générale, l’article R221-1 du Code de l’environnement définit les termes et « normes de qualité de l’air »1 établies par polluant dans le cadre de la surveillance de la qualité de l'air ambiant qui pour les particules s’appliquent aux fractions granulométriques PM10 et PM2,5; • S’agissant de la qualité de l’air auquel sont exposés les travailleurs dans des locaux à pollution spécifique, l’article R4222-10 du Code du travail définit les valeurs limites de « concentrations moyennes en poussières totales et alvéolaires » à respecter.A l’occasion de différents travaux d’expertise conduits par l’Anses, les scientifiques se sont heurtés aux difficultés liées à la coexistence de ces référentiels différents pour caractériser la pollution atmosphérique particulaire et les risques sanitaires qui en résultent, selon que les travaux s’intéressaient à la population générale ou aux travailleurs. Est ainsi soulevée la question de la pertinence tant du point de vue scientifique que du point de vue réglementaire des caractéristiques de ces deux référentiels d’évaluation des expositions
Ligne 16 du Grand Paris Express en zone de dissolution du gypse : apprendre des REX sur d'anciens pompages
No full textInternational audienceLigne 16 du Grand Paris Express en zone de dissolution du gypse : apprendre des REX sur d'anciens pompage
A critical review of effect modeling for ecological risk assessment of plant protection products
No full textInternational audienceA wide diversity of plant protection products (PPP) is used for crop protection leading to the contamination of soil, water, and air, which can have ecotoxicological impacts on living organisms. It is inconceivable to study the effects of each compound on each species from each compartment, experimental studies being time consuming and cost prohibitive, and animal testing having to be avoided. Therefore, numerous models are developed to assess PPP ecotoxicological effects. Our objective was to provide an overview of the modeling approaches enabling the assessment of PPP effects (including biopesticides) on the biota. Six categories of models were inventoried: (Q)SAR, DR and TKTD, population, multi-species, landscape, and mixture models. They were developed for various species (terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates, primary producers, microorganisms) belonging to diverse environmental compartments, to address different goals (e.g., species sensitivity or PPP bioaccumulation assessment, ecosystem services protection). Among them, mechanistic models are increasingly recognized by EFSA for PPP regulatory risk assessment but, to date, remain not considered in notified guidance documents. The strengths and limits of the reviewed models are discussed together with improvement avenues (multigenerational effects, multiple biotic and abiotic stressors). This review also underlines a lack of model testing by means of field data and of sensitivity and uncertainty analyses. Accurate and robust modeling of PPP effects and other stressors on living organisms, from their application in the field to their functional consequences on the ecosystems at different scales of time and space, would help going toward a more sustainable management of the environment
Human resting-state EEG and radiofrequency GSM mobile phone exposure: the impact of the individual alpha frequency
No full textInternational audiencePurpose : With the extensive use of mobile phone (MP), several studies have been realized to investigate the effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) exposure on brain activity at rest via electroencephalography (EEG), and the most consistent effect has been seen on the alpha band power spectral density (PSD). However, some studies reported an increase or a decrease of the PSD, while others showed no effect. It has been suggested that these differences might partly be due to a variability of the physiological state of the brain between subjects. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the alpha band modulation, exploring the impact of the alpha band frequency ranges applied in the PSD analysis. Materials and Methods : Twenty-one healthy volunteers took part to the study with a double-blind, randomized and counterbalanced crossover design, during which eyes-open (EO) and eyes-closed (EC) resting-state EEG was recorded. The exposure system was a sham or a real GSM (global system for mobile) 900 MHz MP (pulse modulated at 217 Hz, mean power of 250 mW and 2 W peak, with a maximum specific absorption rate of 0.70 W/kg on 1 g tissue). The experimental protocol presented a baseline recording phase without MP exposure, an exposure phase during which the exposure system was placed against the left ear, and the post-exposure phase without MP. EEG data from baseline and exposure phases were analyzed and PSD was computed for the alpha band in the fixed range of 8–12 Hz and for the individual alpha band frequency range (IAF). Results : Results showed a trend in decrease or increase of EEG power of both alpha oscillations during exposure in relation to EC and EO recording conditions, respectively, but not reaching statistical significance. Findings did not provide evidence for a different sensitivity to RF-EMF MP related to individual variability in the frequency of the alpha band. Conclusion : In conclusion, these results did not show alpha band activity modulation during resting-state under RF-EMF. It might be argued the need of a delay after the exposure in order to appreciate an EEG spectral power modulation related to RF-EMF exposure