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Gas-particle partitioning of toluene oxidation products: an experimental and modeling study
No full textInternational audienceThe higher concentrations of atmospheric particles, such as black carbon (BC) and organic matter (OM), detected in streets compared to the urban background are predominantly attributed to road traffic. The integration of this source of pollutant in air quality models nevertheless entails a high degree of uncertainty and some other sources may be missing. Through sensitivity scenarios, the impacts on pollutant concentrations of sensitivities related to traffic and road-asphalt emissions are evaluated. The 3D Eulerian model POLAIR3D and the street network model MUNICH are applied to simulate various scenarios and their impacts at the regional and local scales. They are coupled with the modular box model SSH-aerosol to represent formation and aging of primary and secondary gas and particles. Traffic emissions are calculated with the COPERT methodology. Using recent volatile organic compound speciations for light vehicles with more detailed information pertaining to intermediate, semi-and low-volatile organic compounds (I/S/LVOCs) leads to limited reductions of OM concentrations (10% in streets). Changing the method of estimating I/S/LVOC emissions leads to an average reduction of 60% at emission and a decrease of the OM concentrations of 27% at the local scale. An increase in 219% of BC emissions from tire wear, consistent with the uncertainties found in the literature, doubles the BC concentrations at the local scale, which remain underestimated compared to observations. I/S/LVOC emissions are several orders of magnitude higher when considering emissions from road asphalt due to pavement heating and exposure to sunlight. However, simulated concentrations of PM at the local scale remain within acceptable ranges compared to observations. These results suggest that more information is needed on I/S/LVOCs and non-exhaust sources (tire, brake and road abrasion) that impact the particle concentration. Furthermore, currently unconsidered emission sources such as road asphalt may have non-negligible impacts on pollutant concentrations in streets. ✩ This paper has been recommended for acceptance by Admir Créso Targino
Sex-dependent impact of perinatal 5G electromagnetic field exposure in the adolescent rat behavior
No full textInternational audienceThe fifth generation (5G) network is currently being worldwide spread out, raising questions about the potential impact of this new technology, particularly on immature organisms. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of daily 5G electromagnetic field (EMF) perinatal exposure on the neurodevelopment of rats. The exposure level was set to the limit of whole-body public exposure defined by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. The mother rat specific absorption rate (SAR) was 0.07 W/kg for 22 h/day at 3500 MHz continuous wave from gestational day (GD) 8 to post-natal day (PND) 21. Clinical observations were performed on weight, length, sex ratio, number of pups per litter, and number of stillborn in sham and EMF-exposed groups (n = 7). The age of pinna ear detachment, incisor eruption, and eye opening were recorded. Behavior was assessed on righting, gripping, and negative geotaxis reflexes at PND 3 or 7 and on stereotyped and horizontal movements in the open field at PND 43. Our results indicated that both male and female pups showed delayed incisor eruption in the EMF-exposed group compared to the sham group (+ 1 day). Regarding activity in the open field, adolescent females showed less stereotyped movements (- 70%), while adolescent males showed more stereotyped movements (+ 50%) compared to the sham-exposed adolescent rats. Thus, the present study suggested that perinatal exposure to 5G at SAR level below reglementary threshold led to perturbations in the descendants seen in juveniles and adolescents
Development of a physiologically based toxicokinetic model for lead in pregnant women: The role of bone tissue in the maternal and fetal internal exposure
No full textInternational audienceEpidemiological studies have shown associations between prenatal exposure to lead (Pb) and neurodevelopmental effects in young children. Prenatal exposure is generally characterized by measuring the concentration in the umbilical cord at delivery or in the maternal blood during pregnancy. To assess internal Pb exposure during prenatal life, we developed a pregnancy physiologically based pharmacokinetic (p-PBPK) model that to simulates Pb levels in blood and target tissues in the fetus, especially during critical periods for brain development. An existing Pb PBPK model was adapted to pregnant women and fetuses. Using data from literature, both the additional maternal bone remodeling, that causes Pb release into the blood, and the Pb placental transfers were estimated by Bayesian inference. Additional maternal bone remodeling was estimated to start at 21.6 weeks. Placental transfers were estimated between 4.6and 283L.day-1 at delivery with high interindividual variability. Once calibrated, the p-PBPK model was used to simulate fetal exposure to Pb. Internal fetal exposure greatly varies over the pregnancy with two peaks of Pb levels in blood and brain at the end of the 1st and 3rd trimesters. Sensitivity analysis shows that the fetal blood lead levels are affected by the maternal burden of bone Pb via maternal bone remodeling and by fetal bone formation at different pregnancy stages. Coupling the p-PBPK model with an effect model such as an adverse outcome pathway could help to predict the effects on children's neurodevelopment
Ambient air particulate total lung deposited surface area (LDSA) levels in urban Europe
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National monitoring of the background impregnation of pesticides in ambient air in France
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Development and Implementation of Automated Qualification Processes for the Identification of Pollutants in an Aquatic Environment from High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Nontarget Screening Data
No full textInternational audienceEnvironmental pollution monitoring represents a major challenge due to the growing presence of a large and diverse number of potential contaminants. In complement to target analysis, nontarget analysis, via liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), is increasingly used to provide a more comprehensive characterization of pollution. The challenge associated with this type of analysis is particularly related to the data treatment for substance identification. One of the main limitations is that all data must be manually reviewed, which is tedious and time-consuming. Machine learning algorithms aim to reproduce human behavior, and their capabilities were therefore evaluated to automatically identify substances in suspect screening approaches. After selecting the relevant features produced from LC/HRMS, seven different machine learning models were evaluated for each of the three different databases, which resulted in the selection of logistic regression (LR) and random forest (RF)-based algorithms. An interface was built to rank the identified substances and to assess the performance of the developed models. The LR model provided the best results when retention times were available. The developed LR and RF models were determined complementarily, particularly when no retention times were available. However, limitations were noticed when using a database containing different HRMS technologies
Évaluation des risques sanitaires des acides haloacétiques dans l’eau destinée à la consommation humaine
No full textCitation suggérée : Anses. (2023). Évaluation des risques sanitaires des acides haloacétiques dans l’eau destinée à la consommation humaine. (saisine 2021-SA-0015). Maisons-Alfort : Anses, 315 p.Les acides haloacétiques (AHA) sont principalement des sous-produits de désinfection (SPD)issus de réactions chimiques entre le chlore, la matière organique et les ions bromures ouiodures présents dans l’eau. Jusqu’à récemment, les AHA ne faisaient pas partie des paramètres couverts par la réglementation nationale pour les eaux destinées à la consommation humaine (EDCH).Une limite de qualité fixée à 60 μg.L est introduite par la nouvelle directive européenne relative à la qualité des eaux destinées à la consommation humaine du 16 décembre 2020 pour la somme des cinq AHA suivants (AHA5) : les acides monochloroacétique, dichloroacétique, trichloroacétique, monobromoacétique et dibromoacétique (AMCA, ADCA, ATCA, AMBA et ADBA). Cette limite de qualité n’est pas basée sur des critères sanitaires. Elle vise à réduire les concentrations de ces sous-produits de chloration dans les EDCH sans compromettre l’efficacité de la désinfection. En décembre 2022, cette limite de qualité a été intégrée à la réglementation nationale (arrêté du 11 janvier 2007 modifié). Cette limite de qualité est applicable en France depuis le 1er janvier 2023. Toutefois, la mise en œuvre de l’analyse de ces paramètres à travers le contrôle sanitaire des EDCH sera effective au plus tard en janvier 2026.En prévision de l’introduction de ce nouveau paramètre dans la réglementation relative à laqualité des EDCH, la direction générale de la santé (DGS) avait confié au laboratoired’hydrologie de Nancy (LHN) de l’Anses, en 2016 la réalisation d’une campagne nationaleexploratoire dans les eaux brutes et les eaux distribuées au robinet du consommateur portantnotamment sur l’analyse de neuf AHA, comprenant les cinq AHA de la nouvelle directiveeuropéenne ainsi que quatre AHA non réglementés : les acides tribromoacétique,bromochloroacétique, bromodichloroacétique, dibromochloroacétique (ATBA, ABCA, ABDCAet ADBCA). Cette campagne, qui s’est tenue sur la période 2016-2017 a mis en évidence queparmi les cinq AHA réglementés, deux sont majoritaires en termes de fréquence dequantification1 dans les eaux traitées (ADCA et ATCA). L’AMBA et l’AMCA n’ont en revanchejamais été quantifiés que ce soit dans les eaux brutes ou traitées. Concernant les AHA noncouverts par la réglementation européenne, l’ABDCA et l’ADBCA ont été fréquemmentquantifiés dans les eaux traitées.Dans ce contexte, la DGS a saisi l’Anses le 23 décembre 2020 afin de réaliser une évaluationdes risques sanitaires liés à la présence d’AHA dans les EDCH, en tenant particulièrement compte des deux AHA fréquemment quantifiés dans les eaux traitées dans la campagne de l’Anses et qui ne sont pas couverts par la réglementation européenne (ABDCA et ADBCA).Conformément au contrat d’expertise en date du 25 février 2021, suite à une première recherche bibliographique et à une 1ère réunion du GT ERS EDCH sur le sujet, l’Anses a décidé de cibler l’évaluation des risques sanitaires sur les neuf AHA chlorés et bromés dont la présence a été documentée dans les EDCH en France, en particulier à travers la campagne d’analyse 2016-2017 du LHN dans l’EDCH, soit les molécules suivantes :- cinq AHA réglementés (arrêtés du 11 janvier 2007 modifiés) :o acide monochloroacétique (AMCA) ;o acide dichloroacétique (ADCA) ;o acide trichloroacétique (ATCA) ;o acide monobromoacétique (AMBA) ;o acide dibromoacétique (ADBA) ;- quatre AHA non réglementés :o acide tribromoacétique (ATBA) ;o acide bromochloroacétique (ABCA) ;o acide dibromochloroacétique (ADBCA) ;o acide bromodichloroacétique (ABDCA)
Integrative biomarker response - Threshold (IBR-T): Refinement of IBRv2 to consider the reference and threshold values of biomarkers
No full textInternational audienceThe Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) is one of the most used index in biomonitoring, especially the IBRv2 integrating a reference condition. However, some limitations remain for its routine and large-scale use. The IBRv2 is proportional to the total number of biomarkers, is dependent on the nature of biomarkers and considers all biomarkers modulations, even small and biologically non-significant. In addition, IBRv2 relies on reference values but the references are often different between each study, making it difficult to compare results between studies and/or campaigns. To overcome these limitations, the present work proposed a new index called IBR-T (“Integrated Biomarker Response – Threshold”) which considers the threshold values of biomarkers by limiting the calculation of the IBR value to biomarkers with significant modulations. The IBRv2 and the IBR-T were calculated and compared on four datasets from active biomonitoring campaigns using Dreissena polymorpha, a bivalve widely used in freshwater biomonitoring studies. The comparison between indices has demonstrated that the IBR-T presents a better correlation (0.907 < r2 < 0.998) with the percentage of biomarkers significantly modulated than the IBRv2 (0.002 < r2 < 0.759). The IBRv2 could not be equal to 0 (0.915 < intercept <1.694) because the value was dependent on the total number of biomarkers, whereas the IBR-T reached 0 when no biomarker was significantly modulated, which appears more biologically relevant. The final ranking of sites was different between the two index and the IBR-T ranking tends to be more ecologically relevant that the IBRv2 ranking. This IBR-T have shown an undeniable interest for biomonitoring and could be used by environmental managers to simplify the interpretation of large datasets, directly interpret the contamination status of the site, use it to decision-making, and finally to easily communicate the results of biomonitoring studies to the general public