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Unveiling the optimal regression model for source apportionment of the oxidative potential of PM 10
No full textInternational audienceThe capacity of particulate matter (PM) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo leading to oxidative stress is thought to be a main pathway in the health effects of PM inhalation. Exogenous ROS from PM can be assessed by acellular oxidative potential (OP) measurements as a proxy of the induction of oxidative stress in the lungs. Here, we investigate the importance of OP apportionment methods for OP distribution by PM10 sources in different types of environments. PM10 sources derived from receptor models (e.g., EPA positive matrix factorization (EPA PMF)) are coupled with regression models expressing the associations between PM10 sources and PM10 OP measured by ascorbic acid (OPAA) and dithiothreitol assay (OPDTT). These relationships are compared for eight regression techniques: ordinary least squares, weighted least squares, positive least squares, Ridge, Lasso, generalized linear model, random forest, and multilayer perceptron. The models are evaluated on 1 year of PM10 samples and chemical analyses at each of six sites of different typologies in France to assess the possible impact of PM source variability on PM10 OP apportionment. PM10 source-specific OPDTT and OPAA and out-of-sample apportionment accuracy vary substantially by model, highlighting the importance of model selection according to the datasets. Recommendations for the selection of the most accurate model are provided, encompassing considerations such as multicollinearity and homoscedasticity
Mitigation of confined gas explosions using ventilation grilles and access doors
No full textInternational audienceDeveloping new energies leads to installing energy production and storage systems (batteries, fuelcells, electrolysers, etc.) in containers. It is important to note that some systems have the potential torelease and accumulate flammable gases, which can create a risk of a confined explosion. To addressthis risk, a specific research program is focused on studying the explosion protection of containerisedapplications using safety vents. The program aims to optimise the explosion discharge surfaces basedon the specific scenario for the formation of an explosive atmosphere.In practice, the safety studies carried out on this type of equipment show that few applications havespecific vent panels to discharge the explosion overpressure outside to maintain the internal pressureat a level compatible with the mechanical strength of the container. However, in most cases, thesecontainers are modified to accommodate fireproof access doors and ventilation grilles to ensurenatural and forced air intake.This paper aims to present the experimental study of the ability of ventilation grilles and access doorsto act as explosion vent surfaces.Two types of equipment were tested:- Square ventilation grilles measuring 0.8 x 0.8 m2;- fireproof doors (2 m high and 0.83 m wide).All the equipment was tested at explosion overpressures of 100 and 200 mbar
Rétro-analyse d'effondrements de carrières souterraines abandonnées (France)
No full textInternational audienceFrance is currently widely exposed to the risks associated with the presence of underground cavities, of the ground movement type, which can have an impact on property and people. The paper highlights some predisposing factors (geometric and geomorphological) of large-scale collapses, based on a back-analysis carried out by Ineris and EPRCF33 on a representative sample of cases.Le territoire français est aujourd’hui largement exposé aux risques liés à la présence de cavités souterraines, de type mouvements de terrain, pouvant impacter les biens et les personnes. Des facteurs de prédisposition aux effondrements de grande ampleur ont été mis en évidence sur la base d’une analyse en retour d’expérience réalisée par l’Ineris et l’EPRCF33 sur un échantillon représentatif d’effondrements étudiés
Unveiling the optimal regression model for source apportionment of the oxidative potential of PM
No full textInternational audienceAbstract. The capacity of particulate matter (PM) to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo leading to oxidative stress, is thought to be a main pathway for the health effect of PM inhalation. Exogenous ROS from PM can be assessed by acellular oxidative potential (OP) measurements as a proxy of the induction of oxidative stress in the lungs. Here, we investigate the importance of OP apportionment methods on OP repartition by PM sources in different types of environments. PM sources derived from receptor models (e.g. EPA PMF) are coupled with regression models expressing the associations between PM sources and OP measured by ascorbic acid (OPAA) and dithiothreitol assay (OPDTT). These relationships are compared for eight regression techniques: Ordinary Least Squares, Weighted Least Squares, Positive Least Squares, Ridge, Lasso, Generalized Linear Model, Random Forest, and Multilayer Perceptron. The models are evaluated on one year of PM10 samples and chemical analyses at each of six sites of different typologies in France to assess the possible impact of PM source variability on OP apportionment. Source-specific OPDTT and OPAA and out-of-sample apportionment accuracy vary substantially by model, highlighting the importance of model selection depending on the datasets. Recommendations for the selection of the most accurate model are provided, encompassing considerations such as multicollinearity and homoscedasticity
Aerosol spectral complex refractive index in the Paris urban area and its suburban and forested surroundings during the ACROSS field campaign: variability and constraint for direct radiative effect estimation in regional models
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Influence of the initial pressure and temperature on the explosion behavior of methane and hydrogen in pipings
No full textInternational audienceIn nowaday's industrial landscape, the reduction of greenhousegas emissions has become imperative, requiring a profound revisionof product design practices to reduce their environmental impactthroughout their life cycle. Design for X (DfX) approaches, inparticular Design for Disassembly (DfD) and Design for Circularity(DfC), offer promising solutions by integrating environmentalindicators from the earliest stages of the design process. This articleproposes a methodological framework aimed to create sustainablesmart products. The framework takes advantage of CircularDisassembly indicators disseminated proactively and contextuallywithin the Product Lifecycle Management (PLM), and theManufacturing Process Management (MPM). Delving deeper intoDesign for Circular Disassembly (DfCD) approach, and the growingrole of artificial intelligence by using a knowledge graph. Byseamlessly integrating proactive environmental design indicatorsright from the preliminary phases of PLM, and MPM systems, theproposed framework promotes the development of a sustainablesmart products, helping to reduce design errors and time-to-market.This innovative approach underlines the central role of early designdecisions in promoting environmental sustainability within industry
Effect of short- and long-term nonlinear behaviour on the thermoporomechanical pressurisation in COx claystone
No full textInternational audienceThis study focuses on assessing the effect of short- and long-term nonlinear deformation (plasticity and creep) on the thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) responses of Callovo-Oxfordian (COx) claystone, considered as the host formation for the geological radioactive waste disposal in France, if it is licensed. The temperature increase due to heat emitted from the waste package induces a pore pressure rise in low permeability porous rocks such as the COx claystone, due to the difference in the thermal expansion coefficients between water and the argillaceous skeleton. This phenomenon has been evidenced by laboratory and in situ heating experiments. Recently, the key THM phenomena taking place around the high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repository based on the French concept, have been investigated using a thermoporoelasticity approach. In this paper, certain nonlinearities observed in the mechanical behaviour of the COx claystone have been considered in the evaluation of these THM processes. Three numerical simulations (thermoporoelastic, thermoporoelastoplastic and thermoporoelastoviscoplastic) are performed using Comsol Multiphysics code, in which the time-dependent behaviour of the COx is described by a power law whereas the elastoplastic behaviour is modelled by a strain hardening with a Hoek-Brown criterion and a non-associative flow rule. The role of elastoplastic and viscoplastic parts of deformations on the temperature, pore pressure and stresses time evolution in the far-field, is highlighted
Modelling of atmospheric concentrations of fungal spores: a 2-year simulation over France using CHIMERE
No full textInternational audienceFungal spore organic aerosol emissions have been recognised as a significant source of particulate matter as PM10; however, they are not widely considered in current air quality models. In this work, we have implemented the parameterisation of fungal spore organic aerosol (OA) emissions introduced by Heald and Spracklen (2009) (H&S) and further modified by Hoose et al. (2010) in the CHIMERE regional chemistry-transport model. This simple parameterisation is based on two variables, leaf area index (LAI) and specific humidity. We have validated the geographical and temporal representativeness of this parameterisation on a large scale by using yearly polyol observations and primary biogenic organic aerosol factors from positive matrix factorisation (PMF) analysis at 11 French measurement sites. For a group of sites in northern and eastern France, the seasonal variation of fungal spore emissions, displaying large summer and small winter values, is correctly depicted. However, the H&S parameterisation fails to capture fungal spore concentrations for a smaller group of Mediterranean sites with less data availability in terms of both absolute values and seasonal variability, leading to strong negative biases, especially during the autumn and winter seasons. Two years of CHIMERE simulations with the H&S parameterisation have shown a significant contribution of fungal spore OA to PM10 mass, which is lower than 10 % during winter and reaches up to 20 % during summer in high-emission zones, especially over large forested areas. In terms of contributions to organic matter (OM) concentrations, the simulated fungal spore contribution in autumn is as high as 40 % and reaches at most 30 % of the OM for the other seasons. As a conclusion, the fungal spore OA contribution to the total OM concentrations is shown to be substantial enough to be considered a major PM10 fraction and should then be included in state-of-the-art chemistry-transport models
Enabling Circular Business Models: Preconditions and Key Performance Indicators for the Market Launch of Repurposed Second‐Life Lithium‐Ion Batteries From Electric Vehicles
No full textInternational audienceWith the rise of electric vehicles (EVs) and thus lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the number of end-of-life (EoL) LIBs after their first life in EVs is about to increase significantly. These end-of-first-life (EoFL) EV LIBs still have sufficient energy density for less-demanding second-life applications like stationary battery energy storage systems (BESSs) or mobile applications (e.g., forklifts, tools). Repurposing EoFL EV LIBs extends their lifespan, offering sustainability benefits and supporting several United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, prevailing market entry barriers, such as high repurposing costs, little information on battery history and aging, or lacking performance indicators, hinder the widespread implementation of second-life applications. Thus, this study aims to identify preconditions for considering and selecting useful EoFL LIBs and to determine key performance indicators (KPIs) to minimize economic risks for a successful second-life market launch. KPIs were rated according to importance using a Likert scale, and reference values were introduced. A mixed-methods approach, using expert interviews, an exploratory workshop, and an online survey, was applied. Twelve important preconditions were identified, with the “availability of information on battery specification” and “compliance with standards and regulations” considered very important. In addition, 12 KPIs were derived, covering six economic, three environmental, and three technical and safety-related indicators. The KPIs “state of safety (SoS)” and “resource savings (Rsav)” were rated as highly important. Overall, the findings provide performance measurement guidance for repurposing companies, facilitating the market launch and adoption of second-life applications. Future research can build on these results and investigate variations among different battery types, ultimately promoting a circular economy
