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Evaluation of aerosol chemical speciation monitor response to different mixtures of organic and inorganic aerosols
No full textInternational audienceAs national air quality networks and international research infrastructures, such as ACTRIS (EU) and ASCENT (US), continue to expand, the deployment of online aerosol chemistry measurements increases worldwide. These research infrastructures are focused on the ability to compare atmospheric properties from one region to another, making it crucial to understand instrument operation in various settings. This paper is part of a series of publications dedicated to better understanding the operation of these instruments using a series of laboratory tests. A particular focus was made on evaluating the organic aerosol (OA) measurement performance of six Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitors (ACSMs) when sampling known mixtures of organic and inorganic aerosols and in ambient air. The study focuses on assessing the impact of instrument-to-instrument variability on ACSM data processing as well as identifying and quantifying the previously identified m/z44/NO3 artifacts that can affect the accuracy of the measurements. A high degree of variability was observed in instrument measurements of the m/z44/NO3 artifact when compared to results obtained two years earlier (e.g., an increase from ≈0 in 2016 to 0.16 in 2018 or a decrease from 0.12 As national air quality networks and international research infrastructures, such as ACTRIS (EU) and ASCENT (US), continue to expand, the deployment of online aerosol chemistry measurements increases worldwide. These research infrastructures are focused on the ability to compare atmospheric properties from one region to another, making it crucial to understand instrument operation in various settings. This paper is part of a series of publications dedicated to better understanding the operation of these instruments using a series of laboratory tests. A particular focus was made on evaluating the organic aerosol (OA) measurement performance of six Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitors (ACSMs) when sampling known mixtures of organic and inorganic aerosols and in ambient air. The study focuses on assessing the impact of instrument-to-instrument variability on ACSM data processing as well as identifying and quantifying the previously identified m/z44/NO3 artifacts that can affect the accuracy of the measurements. A high degree of variability was observed in instrument measurements of the m/z44/NO3 artifact when compared to results obtained two years earlier (e.g., an increase from ≈0 in 2016 to 0.16 in 2018 or a decrease from 0.12 in 2016 to 0.05 in 2018), confirming the need for frequent evaluation and quantification during calibration. This study underlines that the product between organic aerosol relative ionization efficiency and the instrument collection efficiency value is instrument dependent and that the variability in these values (1.78 ± 0.35) should be considered when estimating the measurement uncertainties. Using a range of specific compounds, an average RIEOA for levoglucosan (1.29 ± 0.23) close to the default value commonly used in ACSM was determined, obtaining a value more specific to each instrument. This study provides valuable information for the calibration and operation of ACSM instruments, ensuring that future studies can build on this work to evaluate and improve instrument performance. during calibration. This study underlines that the product between organic aerosol relative ionization efficiency and the instrument collection efficiency value is instrument dependent and that the variability in these values (1.78 ± 0.35) should be considered when estimating the measurement uncertainties. Using a range of specific compounds, an average RIEOA for levoglucosan (1.29 ± 0.23) close to the default value commonly used in ACSM was determined, obtaining a value more specific to each instrument. This study provides valuable information for the calibration and operation of ACSM instruments, ensuring that future studies can build on this work to evaluate and improve instrument performance
Session : La prévention des risques (industriels, environnementaux et de transport) : pratiques, régulations et normes nationales et européennes dans un contexte globalisé.
No full textInternational audienceEn invitant à une session sur la prévention des risques (industriels, environnementaux et de transports) qui entend traiter des pratiques, des régulations et des normes, tant nationales qu’européennes dans un contexte globalisé, nous avons plusieurs visées en tête : d’une part, nous ne considérons pas, à l’instar de Pierre Lascoumes, « le droit comme le principal organisateur de cette question. » (1991, p.65) ; d’autre part, nous pensons que la prévention des risques suppose un gouvernement politique de cette dimension de l’action publique, gouvernement politique « appuyé sur des institutions fiables, soumis à des procèdures rigoureuses et contrôlables » (Noiville, 2003, p.221)
Assessment of Run-Off Waters Resulting from Lithium-Ion Battery Fire-Fighting Operations
No full textInternational audienceAs the use of Li-ion batteries is spreading, incidents in large energy storage systems (stationary storage containers, etc.) or in large-scale cell and battery storages (warehouses, recyclers, etc.), often leading to fire, are occurring on a regular basis. Water remains one of the most efficient fire extinguishing agents for tackling such battery incidents, and large quantities are usually necessary. Since batteries contain various potentially harmful components (metals and their oxides or salts, solvents, etc.) and thermal-runaway-induced battery incidents are accompanied by complex and potentially multistage fume emissions (containing both gas and particles), the potential impact of fire run-off waters on the environment should be considered and assessed carefully. The tests presented in this paper focus on analyzing the composition of run-off waters used to spray NMC Li-ion modules under thermal runaway. It highlights that waters used for firefighting are susceptible to containing many metals, including Ni, Mn, Co, Li and Al, mixed with other carbonaceous species (soot, tarballs) and sometimes undecomposed solvents used in the electrolyte. Extrapolation of pollutant concentrations compared with PNEC values showed that, for large-scale incidents, run-off water could be potentially hazardous to the environment
Safe Performance in a World of Global Networks: Case Studies, Collaborative Practices and Governance Principles
No full textInternational audienceThe aim of this introductory chapter is to provide a description of theevolving operating landscape of safety-critical systems (e.g. aviation, chemical andnuclear industries, railway) in the past two to three decades, towards network config-urations based on contracting out. The topic of this book is strongly connected to thisevolution and our understanding of its consequences for safety. The chapter situatesthe rise of these network configurations in the context of the advent of what has beendescribed as globalisation, a phenomenon shaped by the liberalisation of trade andfinance; privatisation and deregulation and the development of technology (commu-nication, transport). A distinction between occupational safety and process safety isintroduced to remain aware of different situations, depending on their nature, andpositions within such networks. The chapter then summarises the different contribu-tions to this book by a range of authors who bring unique lenses to this topic from adiversity of angles
Editorial trend: adverse outcome pathway (AOP) and computational strategy — towards new perspectives in ecotoxicology
No full textCorrection to: Editorial trend: adverse outcome pathway (AOP) and computational strategy — towards new perspectives in ecotoxicology (Environmental Science and Pollution Research, (2023), 31, 5, (6587-6596), 10.1007/s11356-023-30647-w) : 10.1007/s11356-025-36073-4International audienceThe adverse outcome pathway (AOP) has been conceptualized in 2010 as an analytical construct to describe a sequential chain of causal links between key events, from a molecular initiating event leading to an adverse outcome (AO), considering several levels of biological organization. An AOP aims to identify and organize available knowledge about toxic effects of chemicals and drugs, either in ecotoxicology or toxicology, and it can be helpful in both basic and applied research and serve as a decision-making tool in support of regulatory risk assessment. The AOP concept has evolved since its introduction, and recent research in toxicology, based on integrative systems biology and artificial intelligence, gave it a new dimension. This innovative in silico strategy can help to decipher mechanisms of action and AOP and offers new perspectives in AOP development. However, to date, this strategy has not yet been applied to ecotoxicology. In this context, the main objective of this short article is to discuss the relevance and feasibility of transferring this strategy to ecotoxicology. One of the challenges to be discussed is the level of organisation that is relevant to address for the AO (population/community). This strategy also offers many advantages that could be fruitful in ecotoxicology and overcome the lack of time, such as the rapid identification of data available at a time t, or the identification of “data gaps”. Finally, this article proposes a step forward with suggested priority topics in ecotoxicology that could benefit from this strategy
Development of a detailed gaseous oxidation scheme of naphthalene for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and speciation
No full textInternational audienceNaphthalene is the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in vehicle emissions and polluted urban areas. Its atmospheric oxidation products are oxygenated compounds that are potentially harmful for health and/or contribute to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Despite its impact on air quality, its complex structure and a lack of data mean that no detailed scheme of naphthalene gaseous oxidation for SOA formation and speciation has been established yet. This study presents the construction of the first near-explicit chemical scheme for naphthalene oxidation by OH, including kinetic and mechanistic data. The scheme redundantly represents all the classical steps of atmospheric organic chemistry (i.e., oxidation of stable species, peroxy radical formation and reaction, and alkoxy radical evolution), thus integrating fragmentation or functionalization pathways and the influence of NOx on secondary compound formation. Missing kinetic and mechanistic data were estimated using structure–activity relationships (SARs) or by analogy with existing experimental or theoretical data. The proposed chemical scheme involves 383 species (231 stable species, including 93 % of the major molar masses observed in previous experimental studies) and 484 reactions with products. A first simulation reproducing experimental oxidation in an oxidation flow reactor under high-NOx conditions shows a simulated SOA mass on the same order of magnitude as has been observed experimentally, with an error of −9 %
Safety profiling of technical lignins originating from various bioresources and conversion processes
No full textInternational audienceIn this work, a set of eight technical lignin samples from various botanical origins and production processes were characterized for their chemical composition, higher heating value, size distribution, dust explosion sensitivity and severity, thermal hazard characteristics and biodegradability, in further support of their sustainable use. More specifically, safety-focused parameters have been assessed in terms of consistency with relating physico-chemical properties determined for the whole set of technical lignins. The results emphasized the heterogeneity and variability of technical lignins and the subsequent need for a comprehensive characterization of new lignin feedstocks arising from novel biorefineries. Indeed, significant differences were revealed between the samples in terms of hazards sensitivity. This first comparative physico-chemical safety profiling of technical lignins could be useful for the hazard analysis and the safe design of the facilities associated with large scale valorisation of biomass residues such as lignins, targeting “zero waste” sustainable conversion of bioresources
Exposure to pesticides, persistent and non − persistent pollutants in French 3.5-year-old children: Findings from comprehensive hair analysis in the ELFE national birth cohort
No full textInternational audienceIntroductionExposure to endocrine disruptors during early childhood poses significant health risks. This study examines the exposure levels of French 3.5-year-old children to various persistent and non-persistent pollutants and pesticides using hair analysis as part of the ELFE national birth cohort. Differences in sex and geographical location among the children were investigated as ppossible determinants of exposure.MethodsExposure biomarkers from 32 chemical families were analyzed using LCMSMS and GCMSMS in 222 hair samples from children in the ELFE cohort. Of these, 46 mother–child pairs from the same cohort provided unique insight into prenatal and postnatal exposure. Regressions, correlations and discriminate analysis were used to assess relationships between exposure and possible confounding factors.Results and DiscussionAmong the biomarkers tested in children’s hair samples, 69 had a detection frequency of ≥ 50 %, with 20 showing a 100 % detection rate. The most detected biomarkers belonged to the bisphenol, organochlorine and organophosphate families. Sex-specific differences were observed for 26 biomarkers, indicating the role of the child’s sex in exposure levels. Additionally, regional differences were noted, with Hexachlorobenzene varying significantly across the different French regions. Nicotine presented both the highest concentration (16 303 pg/mg) and highest median concentration (81 pg/mg) measured in the children’s hair. Statistically significant correlations between the levels of biomarkers found in the hair samples of the mothers and their respective children were observed for fipronil (correlation coefficient = 0.32, p = 0.03), fipronil sulfone (correlation coefficient = 0.34, p = 0.02) and azoxystrobin (correlation coefficient = 0.29, p = 0.05).ConclusionsThe study highlights the elevated exposure levels of young children to various pollutants, highlighting the influence of sex and geography. Hair analysis emerges as a crucial tool for monitoring endocrine disruptors, offering insights into exposure risks and reinforcing the need for protective measures against these harmful substances
Using synthetic data to benchmark correction methods for low-cost air quality sensor networks
No full textInternational audienceA benchmark was performed, comparing the results of three different methodologies proposed by three institutions to calibrate a network of low-cost PM2.5 sensors, on an hourly basis, using synthetically generated real concentrations and sensor measurements. The objective of the network calibrations was to correct the 2000+ sensor measurements in the Netherlands for the sensitivity to (local) environmental conditions. The option to use real measurements was dropped because the number of low-cost sensors sufficiently close to the 40 reference measurement locations was assessed to be spatially insufficient to benchmark the proposed approaches. Instead, synthetic real concentrations were generated to enable validation at all sensor locations. Hourly actual sensor and actual fixed concentrations, as well as interpolated concentration maps, were used as underlying data to generate the synthetic data sets for the period of 1 month. The synthetic sensor measurement errors were constructed by sampling from a collection of differences between actual sensor values and actual measurements. Of the three tested calibration methods, two follow a similar approach, although having differences in, e.g., outlier analyses and method of grouping sensors, leading also to comparable corrections to the raw sensor measurements. A third method uses significantly stricter rules in outlier selection, discarding considerably more sensors because of insufficient quality. Differences between the methods become most apparent when analyzing data at a smaller time scale. It is shown that two network calibration methods are better at correcting the hourly/daily bias
