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QSAR modeling of ToxCast assays relevant to the molecular initiating events of AOPs leading to hepatic steatosis
No full textInternational audienceNonalcoholic hepatic steatosis is a worldwide epidemiological concern since it is among the most prominent hepatic diseases. Indeed, research in toxicology and epidemiology has gathered evidence that exposure to endocrine disruptors can perturb cellular homeostasis and cause this disease. Therefore, assessing the likelihood of a chemical to trigger hepatic steatosis is a matter of the utmost importance. However, systematic in vivo testing of all the chemicals humans are exposed to is not feasible for ethical and economical reasons. In this context, predicting the molecular initiating events (MIE) leading to hepatic steatosis by QSAR modeling is an issue of practical relevance in modern toxicology. In this article, we present QSAR models based on random forest classifiers and DRAGON molecular descriptors for the prediction of in vitro assays that are relevant to MIEs leading to hepatic steatosis. These assays were provided by the ToxCast program and proved to be predictive for the detection of chemical-induced steatosis. During the modeling process, special attention was paid to chemical and toxicological data curation. We adopted two modeling strategies (undersampling and balanced random forests) to develop robust QSAR models from unbalanced data sets. The two modeling approaches gave similar results in terms of predictivity, and most of the models satisfy a minimum percentage of correctly predicted chemicals equal to 75%. Finally, and most importantly, the developed models proved to be useful as an effective in silico screening test for hepatic steatosis
Évaluation expérimentale de la toxicité des fumées issues de feux de véhicules
No full textInternational audienceImproving fire modelling is a key issue to design efficient safety measures for a safe people evacuation in case of fire. Such an analysis should consider the different impacts of fire on people as temperature, visibility but also toxicity. Most of the standard curves used in tunnel fire studies are based on quite old fire tests without any detailed toxic gas qualification. Very few fire tests were published in that way. Based on suchtests, some standard fire emission factors are available in the literature. The objective of this paper is to review those emission factors considering the different toxic species and dealing with using recent cars. To meet this objective, two series of tests were performed. The first concerns individual combustible materials of cars as plastics and tyres. The second focusses on full car burning tests including a detailed smoke analysis. Those two series of tests lead to an analysis of the smoke toxicity and a comparison between emission factors and standard onesLe risque associé aux feux de véhicules, notamment dans les espaces confinés, impose de prendre en considération à la fois les aspects thermiques et toxiques. Certaines données relatives à de tels incendies étant aujourd’hui assez anciennes, il est pertinent de les revoir en considérant les évolutions des véhicules et de leurs nouvelles énergies de propulsion
Etude des performances de phytoextraction du Zn et du Cd de l’hyperaccumulateur Arabidopsis halleri en co-culture avec le Saule
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Comparison of two TiO2 nanoparticles toxicity on lung, blood and liver cells after repeated respiratory exposure in rats
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Mécanismes et solutions réalistes de stabilisation de déchets industriels et de sols contaminés en milieu méditerranéen par l’utilisation de résidus de bauxite (boues rouges)
No full textInternational audienceLe présent projet propose de rechercher une procédure d'inertage des résidus de bauxite pour produire un résidu de bauxite modifié (RBM) à faible phytotoxicité et qui soit valorisable dans le traitement in-situ d’anciens sites industriels contaminés et dans le traitement ex-situ d’autres déchets ultimes tels que les scories du site de l’Escalette. Le projet vise donc à traiter un sol contaminé et des scories par le RBM et à identifier l'efficacité et les risques d'un tel traitement par (i) la compréhension des mécanismes physico-chimiques régissant la mobilité des contaminants et (ii) l’évaluation de la phytotoxicité du RBM après traitement des matériaux contaminés par des tests de croissance de plantes et analyses des éléments chimiques accumulés. Par ailleurs, la présence de l’entreprise Altéo, à cause de sa forte production de déchets, peut engendrer des perceptions négatives de son activité industrielle. La réutilisation des boues rouges pour réhabiliter des sites contaminés pourrait alors être localement perçue soit comme une double solution, soit, compte tenu de l’attachement local - entre autres dynamiques représentationnelles – comme l’addition d’un deuxième problème à un environnement déjà pollué. La mise en oeuvre d’un tel dispositif d'inertage pourrait ainsi être freinée par la résistance des communautés locales ou de professionnels de l’environnement sur la base de leur attribution de risques à ces dispositifs. Il s’agit donc d’identifier les perception locales à ce projet d’inertage par le RBM
Promoting fire safety in innovating design of electric vehicles : the example of the EU-funded DEMOBASE project
No full textInternational audienceThis paper describes the way fire safety is handled in a recently EU H2020 funded 3 years on-going project federated by SAFT named DEMOBASE [1] with 10 other partners jointly working on an innovating EV concept based on a Li-ion battery pack and targeting demanding criteria of electrical vehicle emerging market in terms of cost, time to market and safety
Comparative analysis of different climate predictions in a temperate zone in France and their impact on slope stability
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Full wave-form, automatic real-time monitoring of high sampling seismic data in a metal mine: detection, location, event classification and seismic repeater matching
No full textInternational audienceFull-waveform based, automatic real-time seismic monitoring tools are becoming more and more standard in seismological surveys of natural earthquakes. These methods demonstrate significant improvement in the detection capacity of microseismic events and precursors of potential larger earthquakes. In mines, the implementation of such approaches is challenging due to the presence of a wide range of seismic noises related to mining activities with signatures similar to microseismic events. In addition, high sampling frequencies of seismic data (several kHz) used in these environments pose problems for real-time data transfer and processing. Here, we propose an adapted, full-waveform based automatic processing workflow for the Ineris seismic network located at the deep levels (> 1 km depth) of the Garpenberg metal mine (Sweden). To deal with high frequency sampling (8 kHz) we designed a pre-processing step based on a multi-frequency event detection scheme and first-order amplitude-based location. Final source location is then obtained by applying an array coherency based back-projection approach (BacktrackBB) on the preselected and reduced data set. We estimate that detection capacity compared to a usual triggered monitoring system is increased by at least a factor 100. Automatic event classification is achieved (at least for the strongest events) using several standard signal parameters based on shape, location, size and frequency content. Ongoing investigations aim to build an automatic identification and classification scheme for multiplet families with highly similar wave forms using cross-correlation and template matching techniques. Results from source mechanism and parameter analysis, relocation and spatio-temporal statistics have shown that multiplet families can be interpreted as classical seismic repeaters that repetitively slip over time periods of weeks to several months after certain production blasts. Following this hypothesis, an advanced repeater monitoring approach may allow to measure indirectly aseismic slip in the mining area and to provide criteria for seismic hazard evaluation such as asperity density and dynamic rupture potential
State of knowledge about the risks and impacts associated with deep geothermal
No full textInternational audienceDeep geothermal is a renewable and non-intermittent source of energy that can contribute to the global transition towards a lower emission of carbon and less greenhouse emitting energy mix. Only a small share of the world’s geothermal potential is being exploited today and many countries, including France, have included in their objectives an accelerated development in this renewable energy for the coming decades (Bertani, 2015). Like any industrial activity, deep geothermal drilling is accompanied with potential inconveniences and possible risks for people and the environment, which must be clearly identified and controlled in order to make this industry fully compatible with the expectations and the needs of the citizens, especially those living near such facilities (UCS, 2016). In past years, some concerns have been expressed by local authorities regarding the development of deep geothermal projects, particularly in the field of high temperature, based on the risks associated with such underground operations. We present the current knowledge about the risks and impacts associated with deep geothermal. In addition to the scientific literature, it is based on the feedback from incidents or accidents already recorded in this field . It also capitalizes on INERIS’ expertise in the field of risks related to other sectors, such as hydrogeology or oil and gas wells, to provide a larger perspective of deep geothermal technologies. A census of accidents or incidents reported in the field of deep geothermal reported 35 events, of which 32 were deemed relevant to the safety conditions currently in the framework of this industry. Of these 32 events, one death and nine wounded were recorded in almost three decades of feedback and over about 1,700 geothermal installations operating in the world. Other types of consequences are property damage on the surface (buildings or infrastructures), local pollution or psychological impacts on the inhabitants. The overall impression that emerges from this assessment is that deep geothermal energy benefits from a rather weak accidentology. It should be noted that most of these types of accidents are not specific to deep geothermal energy and can appear in any well extraction of subsurface resources (hydrocarbons, drinking water supply, underground gas storage, etc.). On the other hand, the context of geothermal energy offers conditions that are more favorable to certain types of accidents and less favorable to others. Main accidental risks can be divided into 3 main themes (Gombert et al., 2017) : 1) Accidental release of surface fluids (blowout), gaseous emissions or effluents of fluids (Kage et al., 1998) ; 2) Contamination of sensitive aquifers, due to longitudinal or lateral loss of integrity of a well (Vernoux et al., 2002) ; 3) Felt seismic events (Zang et al., 2014) and noticeable ground movements as upheaval or subsidence (Allis, 2000) ; seismic events are mainly due to the stimulation operations (particularly hydraulic), but also to the production phase ground movements are respectively due to overpressure induced in the geothermal reservoir or to significant reservoir depletion (incomplete reinjection of geothermal fluid). All the risks and impacts have been summarized in Table 1 with a qualitative rating scale to compare them, in terms of their likelihood of occurrence and the severity of the consequences they might have. This assessment is carried out for each phase of the life cycle of a geothermal site (drilling, testing, production, post-abandonment) and is based on a scale of 4 values. It should be noted that this is a generic assessment, which is not intended to replace the specific analysis that has to be carried out in the context of each site