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Caractérisation des fauchages de bord de route pour la méthanisation (CARMEN)
No full textInternational audienceDepuis plusieurs années, certains territoires dont le département de la Mayenne ont développé le fauchage des bords de route avec exportation (FAE), couplé à une limitation du nombre de fauchages par an. Ce mode de gestion raisonnée apporte plusieurs bénéfices environnementaux (limitation des fuites d’azote vers les eaux de surface et souterraines, lutte contre les plantes invasives, limitation de la repousse des herbes…). De plus, les herbes exportées sont valorisées par compostage ou méthanisation. Le niveau de contamination de cette biomasse, notamment en métaux lourds ou hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, a été peu étudié. Cette question ainsi que les aspects logistiques et économiques liés à la valorisation par méthanisation ont fait l’objet d’un projet de recherche sur deux ans. Les premiers résultats ont été présentés aux JRI Méthanisation en 2017. Durant ces deux années, six sites de fauche, de différentes typologies, ont fait l’objet de trois campagnes de prélèvement, de façon à représenter un panel de situations d’environnement et de trafics allant de 4 000 véhicules par jour, sur une route départementale en Mayenne, à plus de 100 000 véhicules par jour sur le périphérique de Rennes. Les résultats obtenus ont été complétés par des prélèvements de sols sur les zones de fauchage et des prélèvements d’herbes et de sols témoins dans des lieux proches des routes, mais en-dehors de l’influence directe du trafic. Deux essais de digestion anaérobie ont été menés dans trois pilotes, en mélange avec des fumiers et lisiers de bovins, ce qui a permis d’établir la meilleure proportion d’herbes par rapports aux effluents d’élevage et d’analyser les ETM et HAP à la fois sur les herbes et les effluents avant méthanisation et sur le digestat après digestion. Enfin, les éléments de logistique (distances parcourues, nombres d’opérateurs, temps passé, consommations de carburants) des gestionnaires des sites ruraux ont été relevés en vue d’établir le bilan coûts-bénéfices du fauchage avec exportation. Hormis certains échantillons du périphérique de Rennes présentant des teneurs élevés en zinc pour lesquels des hypothèses peuvent être avancées, les résultats d’analyse sont similaires sur les trois campagnes et montrent des teneurs des herbes exportées chez les méthaniseurs, tant en métaux lourds qu’en HAP, très inférieures aux valeurs limites prescrites par la norme NF U 44 051 pour la qualité des composts. Le digestat issu de ces herbes est donc compatible avec le retour au sol. L’étude coûts-bénéfices en cours de finalisation, semble montrer que le fauchage avec exportation présente un surcoût économique d’environ 50 % par rapport à l’abandon des herbes sur place, mais que des économies sont envisageables sur l’entretien des routes sur 20 ans. Les bilans énergétique, environnemental et sociétal, sont positifs, même si ce dernier est plus délicat à quantifier
State of art : Characterization of braking particles from car emissions
No full textInternational audienceThe problem of particles emitted by car brakes is a new challenge. However, estimations show that emissions of car brakes account for 10% to 30% of the traffic-related pollution. Recent developments of particle filters on engines significantly reduced exhaust pollution; consequently, the proportionate contribution to pollution from brake wear particles is destined to increase, and this source of pollution will probably be blamed as engine emissions are today. Thus, the potential health risk associated with braking particles could lead to a specific regulation. Braking converts a vehicle’s kinetic energy into thermal energy as a result of the friction between disc and pads. The friction between a composite pad made of a polymer matrix loaded with abrasive and lubricant compounds and a metallic disc causes wear on both parts. This wear, or matter loss, occurs via a complex tribological process, often with the creation of a transformed layer on the surface, before being released by the pad and disc. The nature and the number of fine particles emitted from the contact, potentially airborne, not only depend on the pad and disc composition, but also on conditions of tribological solicitations. In order to reduce aerosol particles emission, a better understanding of particle generation mechanisms is essential. This will enable the optimization of the sampling process, the material choice, and the braking protocol. To anticipate any future regulation requirements, automobile field needs a world methodological consensus on the topic. This communication aims to specify the reliable approach to characterize emitted particles during a dynamometric test. Several stakeholders have already developed measurement equipment adapted to braking emissions. However, the current poor consensus on the required testing protocol raises questions. Olofsson et al. focus on understanding emission mechanisms while presenting an interest on on-road tests. Other authors approach the challenge with a more applicative research of dynamometer and their instrumentations. Previous investigations enable identifying bottlenecks and their solution. The first approach to these questions consists of improving knowledge of particles emitted by braking. By precisely characterizing those particles, authors study their behavior towards their environment and during sampling. Thus, authors attempt to adapt specific metrology according to size and compositions of detected particles
Particle emission characterization when incinerating nanowastes using a lab scale tubular furnace operating at 1100°C
No full textInternational audienceNanotechnology is said to be the industry of the 21st century. The production of nanoproducts keeps growing at a rapid pace. Consequently, the need to anticipate how to deal with these products at each step of their life cycle is more and more necessary. Nanowaste management including product incineration is to be investigated to assess the impact it could have both on human health and the environment. The growing number of registrations of nanoscale substances (R-Nano in France) clearly demonstrates that the amount of nanowaste to be processed in waste treatment plants will increase in years to come. Though to date French and European regulations relative to nanowaste management do not exist, recommendations may at least be delivered to minimize possible impact on the environment and human health. Data on nanowaste incineration are still scarce. This motivates to better understand the phenomena at stake. Little is known yet about nanowaste incineration and the ensuing fate of nanoparticles. In addition, literature is scarce. In this context, the Nanowet project supported by the ADEME agency was set up to complement the existing studies. It focuses on the treatment of halogenand sulfur- containing nanowaste by elevated temperature incineration (1100°C). The objective is threefold, namely to assess the influence of (i) high temperature on the whole process (ii) the effect of the presence of acid gases in the fumes on particle emission and (iii) the effect of the wet scrubber technology installed in the waste treatment plant on nanoparticle capture efficiency. Three polymer wastes were selected and characterized for this project: two of these wastes contained nanofillers (silica and titanium dioxide) in addition with sulfur and chlorine. A lab scale horizontal tubular furnace operating with a temperature of 1100°C was utilized at INERIS nanosafety laboratory for the Nanowet experiments. Criteria relative to combustion requirements when incinerating products were carefully checked. Four series of experiments were carried out. The first three implied the incineration of each waste one after the other. The last series involved the incineration of a mix of the three wastes. It should be noted that at least four incineration experiments were carried out for each series. Eventually, the obtained results make it possible determining the fate of the nanoparticles and the impact of the mix of the three wastes on nanoparticle release
Analysis of time-series gene expression data to explore mechanisms of chemical-induced hepatic steatosis toxicity
No full textInternational audienceNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a wide spectrum of disease, ranging from simple fatty liver through steatosis with inflammation and necrosis to cirrhosis. One of the most challenging problems in biomedical research and within the chemical industry is to understand the underlying mechanisms of complex disease, and complex adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). Based on a set of 28 steatotic chemicals with gene expression data measured on primary hepatocytes at three times (2, 8, and 24 h) and three doses (low, medium, and high), we identified genes and pathways, defined as molecular initiating events (MIEs) and key events (KEs) of steatosis using a combination of a time series and pathway analyses. Among the genes deregulated by these compounds, the study highlighted OSBPL9, ALDH7A1, MYADM, SLC51B, PRDX6, GPAT3, TMEM135, DLGDA5, BCO2, APO10LA, TSPAN6, NEURL1B, and DUSP1. Furthermore, pathway analysis indicated deregulation of pathways related to lipid accumulation, such as fat digestion and absorption, linoleic and linolenic acid metabolism, calcium signaling pathway, fatty acid metabolism, peroxisome, retinol metabolism, and steroid metabolic pathways in a time dependent manner. Such transcription profile analysis can help in the understanding of the steatosis evolution over time generated by chemical exposure
Capteurs pour la surveillance de la qualité de l'air ambiant extérieur : Enseignements et résultats du premier essai national d'aptitudes des micro-capteurs
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Effects of chronic exposure to cadmium and temperature, alone or combined, on the threespine stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ): interest of digestive enzymes as biomarkers
No full textInternational audienceThe development of predictive, sensitive and reliable biomarkers is of crucial importance for aquatic biomonitoring to assess the effects of chemical substances on aquatic organisms, especially when it comes to combined effects with other stressors (e.g. temperature). The first purpose of the present study was to evaluate the single and combined effects of 90 days of exposure to an environmental cadmium concentration (0.5 μg. L−1) and two water temperatures (16 and 21 °C) on different parameters. These parameters are involved in (i) the antioxidant system (superoxide dismutase activity –SOD– and total glutathione levels –GSH–), (ii) the energy metabolism, i.e. energy reserves (glycogen, lipids, proteins) and digestive enzymes (trypsin, amylase, intestinal alkaline phosphatase–IAP–), and (iii) biometric parameters (weight, length, Fulton’s condition factor, and the gonadosomatic index –GSI–) of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). The second purpose was to determine the interest of the three digestive enzymes as biomarkers in comparison with the other parameters. The higher temperature (21 °C) impacted the anti-oxidant and energy reserve parameters. In liver, GSH levels increased on day 60, while SOD decreased on days 15 and 90, with a significant decrease of protein and lipid energy reserves on day 90. In muscle, the higher temperature decreased SOD activity only on day 90. G. aculeatus biometric parameters were also impacted by the higher temperature, which limited stickleback growth after 90 days of exposure. In female sticklebacks, the GSI peaked on day 60 and decreased sharply on day 90, while the highest values were reached at day 90 in the control groups, suggesting impaired reproduction in sticklebacks raised at 21 °C. These results suggest that 21 °C is an upper-limit temperature for long-term physiological processes in sticklebacks. In contrast, very low-concentration cadmium exposure had no effect on classical biomarkers (energy reserves, antioxidant parameters, biometric parameters). However, digestive enzymes showed an interesting sensitivity to cadmium, which was emphasized by high temperature. The activity of the three digestive enzymes decreased significantly on day 90 when sticklebacks were exposed to cadmium alone, while the decrease was stronger and was recorded earlier (from day 15) when they were exposed to the cadmium-temperature combination. Compared to conventional measurements, digestive enzymes responded rapidly. This could be an important advantage for them to be used as early warning tools to reflect the health status of organisms, particularly for trypsin and IAP activities
Mixture Concentration-Response Modeling Reveals Antagonistic Effects of Estradiol and Genistein in Combination on Brain Aromatase Gene (cyp19a1b) in Zebrafish
No full textInternational audienceComprehension of compound interactions in mixtures is of increasing interest to scientists, especially from a perspective of mixture risk assessment. However, most of conducted studies have been dedicated to the effects on gonads, while only few of them were. interested in the effects on the central nervous system which is a known target for estrogenic compounds. In the present study, the effects of estradiol (E2), a natural estrogen, and genistein (GEN), a phyto-estrogen, on the brain ER-regulated gene in radial glial cells were investigated alone and in mixtures. For that, zebrafish-specific in vitro and in vivo bioassays were used. In U251-MG transactivation assays, E2 and GEN produced antagonistic effects at low mixture concentrations. In the -GFP transgenic zebrafish, this antagonism was observed at all ratios and all concentrations of mixtures, confirming the in vitro effects. In the present study, we confirm (i) that our in vitro and in vivo biological models are valuable complementary tools to assess the estrogenic potency of chemicals both alone and in mixtures; (ii) the usefulness of the ray design approach combined with the concentration-addition modeling to highlight interactions between mixture components
New insights on cross-species differences in the modulation of human and zebrafish nuclear receptors by single chemicals and environmental mixtures
No full textInternational audienceIn the context of contamination of aquatic ecosystems by endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), this work aims to provide new insights on cross-species differences in the modulation of nuclear receptors (NRs) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by individual chemicals and environmental mixtures, in order to help further cross-species extrapolation in the frame of the environmental risks of EDCs. To this end, a panel of individual ligands and environmental mixtures from an urban waste water treatment plant (WWTP), were screened on a set of recently developed in vitro reporter cell lines based on both human (h) and zebrafish (zf) NRs and AhR. Our results revealed that for some of the receptors marked cross-species differences occurred (PXR, PPARγ, PR) while for other receptors the differences were lower (ER, AR, GR, MR) or almost absent (AhR, ERRγ). For instance, promegestone acts as a full agonist of the hPR but as partial agonist of the zfPR whereas the dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one -reference ligand of the zfPR- antagonizes the hPR. In the same way, none of the reference ligands of the hPXR (T0913117) modulates the zfPXR whereas the clotrimazole -reference ligand of zfPXR- modulates also the hPXR but with lower potency. Then the hAR was more sensitive to the agonist mifepristone and the antagonist OH-flutamide than the zfAR whereas the dexamethasone was a more potent agonist of the zfGR than the hGR. Also significant differences in selectivity were noted among h and zf ER subtypes. Finally, the in vitro profiling of an urban WWTP confirmed these cross-species differences in terms of level, type (agonist vs antagonist), distribution along the WWTP. For instance, h and zf estrogenic activity was differentially detected in the sludge and the suspended material. In the same way, strong zf anti-androgenic activity was detected in the effluent while no human one can be detected. Also, strong zf mineralocorticoidic activity was detected in both influent and effluent whereas only h anti-mineralocorticoid activity was detected. Alogether, our results showed that h and zf NRs are, for some of them, differentially modulated by individual chemicals and environmental mixtures. Also, interaction of EDCs towards NRs cannot always be extrapolated between these species highlighting the need to further document NRs modulation between human and fish and associated responses, to improve human health and environmental risk assessment of EDCs
Spatial inter-comparison of Top-down emission inventories in European urban areas
No full textInternational audienceThis paper presents an inter-comparison of the main Top-down emission inventories currently used for air quality modelling studies at the European level. The comparison is developed for eleven European cities and compares the distribution of emissions of NOx, SO2, VOC and PPM2.5 from the road transport, residential combustion and industry sectors. The analysis shows that substantial differences in terms of total emissions, sectorial emission shares and spatial distribution exist between the datasets. The possible reasons in terms of downscaling approaches and choice of spatial proxies are analysed and recommendations are provided for each inventory in order to work towards the harmonisation of spatial downscaling and proxy calibration, in particular for policy purposes. The proposed methodology may be useful for the development of consistent and harmonised European-wide inventories with the aim of reducing the uncertainties in air quality modelling activities
Sécurisation d’un secteur d’une ancienne carrière souterraine par un géosynthétique de très haute résistance (1800 kn/m)
No full textInternational audienceThis case study presents a real challenge where the tensile strength of the geosynthetic reinforcement used to secure the cavities area is higher than 1800 kN/m. The design and the installation steps required to take into account particular hypotheses due to the low thickness of the soil and the reuse of the local soil for the embankment.Cet article présente un projet très particulier qui concerne la sécurisation d’un secteur d’une ancienne carrière souterraine de craie par un géosynthétique de renforcement de plus de 1800 kN/m. Le dimensionnement du géosynthétique et le phasage des travaux ont nécessité la prise en compte d’hypothèses particulières liées à la faible épaisseur de la couverture et à la réutilisation du sol remanié du site