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Les échantillonneurs intégratifs pour la recherche de micropolluants dans le réseau
No full textInternational audienc
Concentrations of brominated flame retardants in plastics of electrical and electronic equipment, vehicle, textiles and construction : a short review of occurrence and management
No full textInternational audienceFlame retardancy is necessary to protect people and goods from fire of flammable products. Brominated flame retardants (BFR) have been successfully developed to meet fire safety requirements of many industrial and consumer products. They are frequently used with antimony trioxide as a synergist. The “first” BFRs are phased out by product and waste regulations as POP substances: polybromobiphenyls, polybromodiphenylethers, hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A. The last to be restricted is decaBDE in 2017 with exemptions for some parts of electrical and electronic equipment, and automotive up to 2036. Since the mean life of a car is about 20 years, this substance will enter the recycling plants for a long time. The presence of these “legacy” substances presence (not banned at the time they were used in products but present 2 – 20… years later in waste) are really challenging for the recycling and waste management companies, who bear now the burden of the past… of others. The variety of BFR and their use in plastics is attested by the data from manufacturers. They develop new BFR, with some of them “reactive” (bound to the polymeric matrix) like brominated polystyrene. Manufacturers also propose (less effective) phosphorus-based flame retardants, as an alternative. Up till now BFR are not replaceable in printed circuit boards, which are more and more present in equipment. Numerous official reports (UNEP, consulting companies for EU) have assessed their ubiquitous presence in products, waste, house dust, car dust, air of the shredder installations, and landfill leachates. An original numerical synthesis of literature data on concentrations of BFR in (waste of) electrical and electronic equipment, automotive, tyres, furniture (upholstery, mattresses), textiles (clothing), flooring and construction material (insulation, piping, windows and doorframes) will be presented, with a focus on automotive and textiles
Identification et quantification des sources de particules fines dans l'air ambiant en France : principaux résultats
No full textInternational audienc
Metal transfert in aromatic medicinal plants, essential oil and residues focusing on valorization pathways
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Some considerations when evaluating physico-chemical hazards of nanopowders
No full textInternational audienceThe regulatory classification of the physico-chemical hazards of powders is defined in two references, which describe the test methods to be applied, as well as the criteria and the classification thresholds. These two references are respectively the European CLP Regulation and the transport of dangerous goods UN regulation. These two reference systems enable to associate identified hazards with safety rules related to the handling, storage and production of the powders. Traditional microscale powders as well as innovative materials like nanopowders or very fluffy materials need to follow these classification rules. Typically, the properties of interest for nanopowders are related to the reactivity with air and water. The related hazards are defined by the CLP regulation in the following classes: flammability, pyrophoricity, self-heating, water reactivity and oxidizing capability. The hazardous properties of nanopowders can a priori be routinely determined with the regulatory experimental tests performed in an adequate platform like S-NANO at INERIS. However, several aspects were overlooked so far for innovative materials that show specific properties like very low density and high specific surface area. This presentation deals with a review of the limitations of the current tests as well as detailed considerations related to some tests (powder segregation issues, specific ignition issues, safety issues for the operators…). These aspects could perhaps be not thoroughly considered for microscale powders but in the case of nanopowders, these parameters are shown to be of importance in order to evaluate physico-chemical hazards. It is then of primary importance to assess carefully these new behaviors in order to prevent the production of misleading information in safety data sheets
Approche méthodologique pour la conception et la mise en place d’une surveillance des cavités souterraines d’origine anthropique
No full textInternational audienceLe risque d’instabilité des cavités souterraines d’origine anthropique concerne un territoire étendu et des dizaines de milliers de communes en France. S’il existe des solutions de traitement pérennes, comme le comblement des vides, la surveillance des cavités souterraines peut constituer un outil palliatif et transitoire de gestion du risque. L’approche méthodologique de conception et de mise en place d’un dispositif de surveillance se décline de la manière suivante. Dans un premier temps, le phénomène d’instabilité redouté doit être connu et correctement évalué : durée et urgence de la surveillance, possibilités et conditions d’accès aux sites, contraintes de sécurité, conditions de transmission... Dans un deuxième temps, la méthode de surveillance la plus adaptée au site est choisie. Les inspections visuelles sont fondamentales et à privilégier dès lors que l’on peut accéder au site dans des conditions de sécurité acceptables. Elles peuvent s’appuyer sur des dispositifs tels que la photogrammétrie ou les scanners laser. Les mesures géotechniques permettent, quant à elles, d’évaluer directement des caractéristiques physiques ponctuelles telles que des déplacements, des pressions, ou des niveaux d’eau. Enfin, les capteurs géophysiques permettent une surveillance sur de grandes étendues, grâce à des observations indirectes liées à l’évolution et à l’instabilité des massifs ou des vides souterrains. Dans un troisième temps, la surveillance doit être testée afin de s’assurer de sa fonctionnalité, et que l’ensemble des maillons qui la constituent est maîtrisé : appareils de mesures, processus de communication des données, de maintenance et d’organisation. Elle doit s’appuyer sur des seuils d’alarme fiables caractérisant une évolution préjudiciable de l’instabilité, afin d’alerter les maîtres d’ouvrage ou les collectivités uniquement en cas de besoin. La gestion des données de surveillance doit par ailleurs permettre de détecter un dysfonctionnement. Enfin, le partage et la restitution des données optimisés permettent de procéder à des analyses plus rapides tenant compte des retours d’expérience
QSAR modelling of adipose:blood partition coefficient : from single models to a consensus approach
No full textInternational audienceAdipose:blood partition coefficient is a key-input for models predicting the bioaccumulation and pharmacokinetics in living beings. Indeed, other organ:blood affinities can be estimated as a function of this parameter. Existing QSAR models predict adipose:blood partition coefficient by considering in vitro or in vivo rat and human data, or a combination of them. Therefore, the modeled datasets are often heterogeneous in terms of endpoint definition. To enhance the available knowledge, we performed an ex-novo selection of in vivo data to obtain a well-defined endpoint and to increase the size of existing datasets. These new datasets were used to develop QSARs as a function of an extensive exploration of chemical descriptors and algorithms based on linear and non-linear techniques. All the models were associated to applicability domains and their prediction errors were assessed with respect to experimental uncertainty. In addition, we integrated individual QSARs into a consensus model to exploit the synergy among models and improve predictivity. Our QSAR results will be implemented in VEGA (hnps://www.vegahub.eu/) and interfaced with MERLIN-Expo (hnp://merlin-expo.eul) to characterize human and environmental fate of chemicals in the framework of chemical risk assessment
Application of the LIBS technique to the detection of nanostructured particles in aerosol form
No full textInternational audienceNanotechnology is often said to be the industry of the 21st century. Nanostructured materials are expected to lead to the emergence of new products with enhanced features and functionalities. Their manufacturing often requires the use of nanoparticles (sizes below 100 nm) or larger particles (with a nanostructure) with varied sizes, shapes and chemical compositions. These nano-objects are the basic building blocks used to design nanostructured materials. The advent of these new objects raises the question of the development of an adapted metrology for their characterization in various contexts. Two examples of need may be underlined, nanosafety and process monitoring. First, little is known yet as to the risks related to nano objects in terms of impact on human health and the environment. There is therefore a need to detect and characterize these particles under various conditions. Second, production processes require tools for on line characterization of the final product. Thus, adapted instruments allowing, on site, on line and even real time characterization of these particles are to be designed. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) is deemed as a technique of interest for the detection of nano-objects. Contrary to most particle counters, it allows determining the elemental composition of the particles and the mass concentrations of all the elements they are made of. LIBS tests have been carried out in the field of nanosafety. LIBS was demonstrated as a possible instrument for real-time detection and identification of Carbon Nano Tube (CNT) balls. So far, only random analysis in the particle flow was possible. A prototype allowing targeting particles (sizes > 500nm) prior to LIBS analysis is currently being designed to improve the hit rate. LIBS experiments applied to process monitoring have also been performed. It has been demonstrated that nanopowder stoichiometry could be monitored in real time. More recently, calibration free LIBS has been applied to stoichiometry determination of powders. Nanoparticle analysis using LIBS requires appropriate sampling. Demonstration has been made that nanoparticle analysis by LIBS could be enhanced using a radio frequency plasma as a trap. Applications in the field of nanosafety, process monitoring and life science are envisaged
Metformin in reproductive biology
No full textInternational audienceInitially produced in Europe in 1958, metformin is still one of the most widely prescribed drugs to treat type II diabetes and other comorbidities associated with insulin resistance. Metformin has been shown to improve fertility outcomes in females with insulin resistance associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and in obese males with reduced fertility. Metformin treatment reinstates menstrual cyclicity, decreases the incidence of cesareans, and limits the number of premature births. Notably,metformin reduces steroid levels in conditions associated with hyperandrogenism (e.g., PCOS and precocious puberty) in females and improves fertility of adult men with metabolic syndrome through increased testosterone production. While the therapeutical use of metformin is considered to be safe, in the last 10 years some epidemiological studies have described phenotypic differences after prenatal exposure to metformin. The goals of this review are to briefly summarize the current knowledge on metformin focusing on its effects on the female and male reproductive organs, safety concerns, including the potential for modulating fetal imprinting via epigenetics