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Produits émetteurs potentiels des particules nanométriques ou submicroniques
No full textInternational audienceThe recent massive first-time exposure to nanoparticles in our daily lives raises the issue of possible health hazards and their assessment. After a description of the growing use of nanomaterials, the article presents the different exposure typologies and the methods used to characterize emissions caused by nanomaterial wear, which could improve prevention of potential adverse health effects. The last part describes nanosafety methods to prevent or limit release.Caractériser les émissions de nanomatériaux est un objectif complexe à atteindre. S’agit-il d’émissions dans l’eau ou dans l’air ? Quelles sont les formes, les tailles, les compositions des objets émis ? Comment caractériser les expositions ? Quelle sollicitation des nanomatériaux donnant lieu à des émissions peut-on envisager ? Quelle voie d’exposition peut-on suspecter ou bien quelle toxicité peut avoir la nanoparticule émise ? À toutes ces questions générales s’ajoutent des difficultés techniques portant sur la caractérisation des émissions : l’outil universel capable de décrire de manière exhaustive les objets émis quelle que soit leur taille ou leur forme n’existe pas encore. Ainsi, après une description la plus complète possible de l’usage des nanomatériaux dans notre société, le présent article vise à décrire l’état de l’art sur la caractérisation des nanoparticules émises tant d’un point de vue des méthodes traditionnelles que des dernières avancées technologiques. La voie d’exposition par inhalation est généralement considérée comme étant la principale. Les méthodes de caractérisation des aérosols sont par conséquent particulièrement développées dans cet article. Les appareils capables de telles caractérisations sont décrits, leurs limites lorsqu’elles existent sont également évoquées. Comme les expositions aux nanoparticules sont de plus en plus sources d’inquiétudes, l’article présente également les grands principes de la nanosécurité. Ainsi tous les industriels intéressés par le sujet peuvent à terme s’approprier ces notions afin de limiter voire supprimer les relargages éventuels dus à des nouveaux matériaux
Influence of anthropogenic emissions and boundary conditions on multi-model simulations of major air pollutants over Europe and North America in the framework of AQMEII3
No full textInternational audienceIn the framework of the third phase of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII3), and as contribution to the second phase of the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (HTAP2) activities for Europe and North America, the impacts of a 20% decrease of global and regional anthropogenic emissions on surface air pollutant levels in 2010 are simulated by an international community of regional-scale air quality modeling groups, using different state-of-the-art chemistry and transport models (CTMs). The emission perturbations at the global level, as well as over the HTAP2-defined regions of Europe, North America and East Asia, are first simulated by the global Composition Integrated Forecasting System (C-IFS) model from European Centre for Medium-Range-Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), which provides boundary conditions to the various regional CTMs participating in AQMEII3. On top of the perturbed boundary conditions, the regional CTMs used the same set of perturbed emissions within the regional domain for the different perturbation scenarios that introduce a 20% reduction of anthropogenic emissions globally as well as over the HTAP2-defined regions of Europe, North America and East Asia. Results show that the largest impacts over both domains are simulated in response to the global emission perturbation, mainly due to the impact of domestic emission reductions. The responses of NO2, SO2 and PM concentrations to a 20% anthropogenic emission reduction are almost linear (similar to 20% decrease) within the global perturbation scenario with, however, large differences in the geographical distribution of the effect. NO2, CO and SO2 levels are strongly affected over the emission hot spots. O-3 levels generally decrease in all scenarios by up to similar to 1% over Europe, with increases over the hot spot regions, in particular in the Benelux region, by an increase up to similar to 6% due to the reduced effect of NOx titration. O-3 daily maximum of 8 h running average decreases in all scenarios over Europe, by up to similar to 1 %. Over the North American domain, the central-to-eastern part and the western coast of the US experience the largest response to emission perturbations. Similar but slightly smaller responses are found when domestic emissions are reduced. The impact of intercontinental transport is relatively small over both domains, however, still noticeable particularly close to the boundaries. The impact is noticeable up to a few percent, for the western parts of the North American domain in response to the emission reductions over East Asia. O-3 daily maximum of 8 h running average decreases in all scenarios over north Europe by up to similar to 5 %. Much larger reductions are calculated over North America compared to Europe. In addition, values of the Response to Extra-Regional Emission Reductions (RERER) metric have been calculated in order to quantify the differences in the strengths of non-local source contributions to different species among the different models. We found large RERER values for O-3 (similar to 0.8) over both Europe and North America, indicating a large contribution from non-local sources, while for other pollutants including particles, low RERER values reflect a predominant control by local sources. A distinct seasonal variation in the local vs. non-local contributions has been found for both O-3 and PM2:5, particularly reflecting the springtime long-range transport to both continents
Exploration of the influence of environmental conditions on secondary organic aerosol formation and organic species properties using explicit simulations : development of the VBS-GECKO parameterization
No full textInternational audienceAtmospheric chambers have been widely used to study secondary organic aerosol (SOA) properties and formation from various precursors under different controlled environmental conditions and to develop parameterization to represent SOA formation in chemical transport models (CTMs). Chamber experiments are however limited in number, performed under conditions that differ from the atmosphere and can be subject to potential artefacts from chamber walls. Here, the Generator for Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere (GECKO-A) modelling tool has been used in a box model under various environmental conditions to (i) explore the sensitivity of SOA formation and properties to changes on physical and chemical conditions and (ii) develop a volatility basis set (VBS)type parameterization. The set of parent hydrocarbons includes n-alkanes and 1-alkenes with 10, 14, 18, 22 and 26 carbon atoms, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and limonene, benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene and p-xylene. Simulated SOA yields and their dependences on the precursor structure, organic aerosol load, temperature and NO, levels are consistent with the literature. GECKO-A was used to explore the distribution of molar mass, vaporization enthalpy, OH reaction rate and Henry's law coefficient of the millions of secondary organic compounds formed during the oxidation of the different precursors and under various conditions. From these explicit simulations, a VBS-GECKO parameterization designed to be implemented in 3-D air quality models has been tuned to represent SOA formation from the 18 precursors using GECKO-A as a reference. In evaluating the ability of VBS-GECKO to capture the temporal evolution of SOA mass, the mean relative error is less than 20 % compared to GECKO-A. The optimization procedure has been automated to facilitate the update of the VBS-GECKO on the basis of the future GECKO-A versions, its extension to other precursors and/or its modification to carry additional information
Réduction des rejets en micropolluants à la source : le projet LUMIEAU-Stra
No full textInternational audienceThe knowledge and the management of micropollutants discharged in sewage system allow to limit the impact of the Eurometropole of Strasbourg on water resource. The LUMIEAU-Stra project concerns reduction actions at source for craftsmen, individuals, industries and rainwater management. A first diagnosis step is necessary to know discharges and impact on environment on the territory. We will be able to determine substances and area to prioritize. For each emitter, solutions are tested in real conditions. First kind of solution is the practice change and utilisation of substitution products which are less pollutant. Second kind of solution concerns the set up of treatment process before discharge to the sewer system. Solutions are assessed technically (reduction of micropollutants discharged, facility set up), economically and sociologically (acceptability by users). All the solutions will set up a tool box which could be adapted to different situations. The Eurometropole of Strasbourg will lean on this tool box to determine a micropollutant management strategy in the next years. Project results will be operational and usable by territorial authorities. Develop methods and tools should be deployed on other territories.La connaissance et la maîtrise des micropolluants rejetés au réseau d'assainissement permettent de limiter l'empreinte de l'Eurométropole de Strasbourg sur la ressource en eau. Le projet LUMIEAU-Stra s'intéresse aux actions à mener à la source chez les artisans, les particuliers, les industriels et dans la gestion des eaux pluviales. Une première étape de diagnostic vise à déterminer les rejets et les impacts sur l'environnement sur le territoire de la collectivité. Les micropolluants et les zones pourront donc être hiérarchisés. Pour chacun des émetteurs, des solutions sont testées en conditions réelles. Le premier type de solutions repose sur le changement de pratiques et l'utilisation de produits de substitution moins polluants. Le second type de solutions concerne la mise en place de procédés de traitement avant rejet au réseau d'assainissement. Ces solutions sont évaluées sur le plan technique (gain en micropolluants non rejetés, facilité de mise en œuvre) mais aussi économique et sociologique (acceptabilité par les émetteurs). L'ensemble des solutions constituera une boîte à outils qui pourra s'adapter aux différentes situations. La collectivité s'appuiera sur cette boîte à outils pour déterminer une stratégie de gestion de la problématique micropolluants dans les années à venir. Les résultats du projet se doivent d'être opérationnels et à destination des collectivités. Les méthodes et les outils développés devront être extrapolables et utilisables sur d'autres territoires
An overview of Nitrogen fertilization practices in France.
No full textINTRODUCTIONNitrogen (N) fertilisation is a key element to ensure crop yield and thus food security. Amongst numerous other factors, the amount of N applied in fields is driven by the type of culture and soil, as well as by economics and temporal factors. However, this fertilisation is also a source of multiple environmental impacts (soil acidification, water eutrophication, global warming and air quality depletion). In order to mitigate the impacts, politics are developed at large scale, usually national, whereas the impacts happen at a finer scale. Besides, the range of products available for famers is always wider. Detailed information on the N fertilisation is thus crucial to develop mathematical models to evaluate yields and/or environmental impacts. This study is aiming at presenting on overview of the organic and mineral N fertilisation in France for the crop years 2005-06 and 2010-11. A focus is carried on the latter as the available information is more precis
Étude de la qualité des milieux terrestres : caractérisation des impacts écotoxiques dans les sols
No full textNational audienceÉtude de la qualité des milieux terrestres : caractérisation des impacts écotoxiques dans les sol
1er Essai national d'Aptitude des micro-Capteurs (EAµC) pour la surveillance de la qualité de l'air : Synthèse des résultats
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Improving the accuracy of personal radiofrequency measurements using a novel bodyworn measurement device and comparison with measurements using exposimeters
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Interest of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) digestive enzymes as new biomarkers in ecotoxicology field
No full textInternational audiencechemical and physical disruption of the aquatic ecosystems. Regulations, such as the EU Water Framework Directive, for the protection of the aquatic environment, encourage the development of new sensitive and predictive tools to evaluate the effects of contaminants on aquatic living organisms. In this context, energy metabolism biomarkers are of interest given the central place of energy in all physiological processes (i.e. defense, growth and reproduction). In this study, we addressed for the first time three digestive enzymes (amylase, trypsin and intestinal alkaline phosphatase) and evaluated their interest as novel biomarkers in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), a model species in multidisciplinary fields of biology, and recently in ecotoxicology. The interest of the two digestive enzymes as biomarkers was evaluated in comparison with other parameters, usually applied in ecotoxicology studies: biometric parameters, reproduction parameters, antioxidant parameters, and other energy metabolism parameters. For that, juvenile sticklebacks were exposed for 3 months in semi-static conditions to cadmium at 0.5 μg.L-1 (chemical stress), and two water temperatures 16°C and 21°C (physical stress). Results showed that the high temperature (21 °C) was the major stress factor on stickleback physiology. The very low cadmium concentration used in this study had no effect on most of the studied parameters (i.e. growth parameters, antioxidant parameters and parents' reproduction parameters). However, digestive enzymes showed an interesting sensitivity to cadmium exposure which was emphasis at 21 °C (significant decrease). Although cadmium had no effect on parental reproduction, negative consequences on their offspring survival were observed after in vitro fertilization trials (decreased survival capacity). Compared to conventional measurements, digestive enzymes responded rapidly, which could be an important advantage for their use as early warning tool, to reflect organism’s health