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Impact des produits d'entretien sur la qualité de l'air intérieur : PEPS, Définition d'un protocole d'essais simple et harmonisé pour l'évaluation des émissions en composés volatils
No full textConsumer products in general and household products in particular are a major source of indoor air pollutants. Exposure to these pollutants is all the more important as it takes place in confined, poorly ventilated environments where we spend the vast majority of our time. The PEPS research project studies the impact of household products on indoor air quality. A simple, adapted and reproducible test protocol for the characterization of volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted by cleaning products is proposed. The developed methodology specifies: test conditions (type of test chamber, environmental parameters, application scenario of the product), the compounds studied and the sampling conditions. In addition, it is representative of the use of cleaning products in real environments. Thus, definition of test conditions for the products and of performing the cleaning action during the test constitutes a key point of the work. In addition to the development of this methodology, a field campaign is conducted in a realistic environment (an experimental house) to collect knowledge on household products emissions in real conditions of use. An analysis of the results from a health point of view is then carried out for the data obtained during the experimental phases in laboratory and during the field campaign. This risk characterization relies notably on scenarios corresponding to different types of domestic use. The results show that the indications given on the ingredient label are patchy and put together with generic terms (perfume, biocides, surfactants, etc.). If they allow a first estimation of the emissions during the use of the products, they are inadequate to predict the volatile organic compounds emissions. First, emissions of household products are evaluated under controlled conditions. A panel of 33 products, including 27 manufactured products and 6 home-made products, is constituted. Composition of these products is studied by collecting for data provided by the manufacturers, and by direct analysis of the liquid or the volatile compound composition. A robustness study is conducted to define a harmonized and reproducible test protocol, which is then deployed to analyze the VOC emissions of the products. In a second time, a field campaign is organized in the experimental house of the CSTB, MARIA, to evaluate, in real conditions, the emissions of 10 selected household products from the panel. The cleaning products are used in a study room according to realistic scenarios of use. VOC emissions are measured before, during, and after the use of the cleaning product. The final task of the project focuses on a Health Risk Assessment (HRA) approach. Based on the concentrations measured in MARIA, the HRA approach is applied with generic exposure scenarios. These scenarios included household cleaning sessions, developed with the support of a stakeholder consultation. For the 10 tested products, no situation of concern was identified for the exposure considered the most common. Health risks of small magnitudes could be associated with high levels of use, especially in the absence of manual aeration. Overall, the calculated risks for the tested homemade products are lower than those of the manufactured products tested, but these risks do not differ much. The limits encountered to characterize the toxicity of the emitted substances, primary or secondary, invite to reduce exposures in a conservative logic, especially for the industrial products and for the most sensitive populations: pregnant women, children, people with respiratory problems, etc. Recommendations for users are proposed, particularly concerning the ventilation conditions and the use of cleaning products, especially for those containing essential oils, which are better to reduce.Les produits de grande consommation en général et les produits ménagers en particulier constituent une source de polluants en air intérieur. L'exposition à ces polluants est d'autant plus importante qu'elle a lieu dans des milieux confinés, peu ventilés où l'on passe la grande majorité de notre temps. Ce projet de recherche étudie l'impact des produits d'entretien sur la qualité de l'air intérieur. Un protocole d'essai, simple, adapté et reproductible, de caractérisation des émissions de composés volatils par les produits d'entretien est proposé. La méthodologie développée précise les conditions d'essai, les composés volatils étudiés et les conditions de prélèvements associées. Elle est représentative de l'utilisation des produits d'entretien dans des environnements réels. Ainsi, la définition des conditions de mise en œuvre des produits d'entretien et de réalisation de l'action de nettoyage au cours de l'essai constitue un point clé du travail. Une campagne d'essais est également conduite afin de renseigner les émissions des produits d'entretien en conditions d'utilisation réelles. Enfin, une analyse des résultats d'un point de vue sanitaire est réalisée pour les données obtenues au cours des phases expérimentales. Au cours d'une première tâche, les émissions des produits d'entretien sont évaluées en conditions maitrisées. Un panel de 33 références est constitué, comprenant 27 produits manufacturés et 6 produits fait-maison. La composition de ces produits est étudiée par la recherche des données fournies par les fabricants, puis par analyse directe de la composition liquide ou de la composition en composés volatils. Une étude de robustesse est ensuite menée pour définir un protocole d'essai harmonisé et reproductible, déployé pour analyser les émissions en composés volatils des produits. Les résultats montrent que les indications fournies par les fabricants, relativement parcellaires et regroupées autour de termes génériques (parfums, biocides, agents de surfaces etc.) même si elles permettent une première approche de la nature des substances potentiellement émises lors de leur utilisation, sont insuffisantes pour prévoir les émissions volatiles résultantes. Dans un second temps, une campagne d'essai est menée au sein de la maison expérimentale MARIA du CSTB afin d'évaluer les émissions en conditions réelles de 10 produits du panel. Ces produits sont mis en œuvre au sein d'une pièce d'étude selon des scénarios réalistes d'utilisation. Les émissions sont mesurées avant, pendant et après l'utilisation du produit d'entretien. Parmi les produits les plus émissifs selon l'échelle retenue dans ce projet, sont retrouvés les trois nettoyants pour vitres, deux vaporisateurs nettoyant multi-usages et le nettoyant pour les sols fait-maison. Cependant, les niveaux d'émissions des produits testés semblent relativement faibles. Pour les nettoyants multi-usages fait-maison, celui contenant la quantité d'huile essentielle la plus importante est plus émissif que les autres préparations de même formulation contenant des quantités d'huiles essentielles inférieures. La dernière tâche du projet est centrée sur une démarche d'évaluation des risques sanitaires sur la base des concentrations mesurées dans MARIA. Cette démarche est déclinée à partir de scénarios d'exposition génériques correspondant à différents types d'usages domestiques et incluant des séances de ménage élaborées en s'appuyant sur une consultation de parties prenantes. Pour les 10 produits testés, aucune situation préoccupante n'est associée aux expositions domestiques considérées comme les plus courantes. Des risques sanitaires de faible ampleur pourraient être associés à une utilisation intense, notamment en l'absence d'aération manuelle. Les risques calculés pour les produits faits maison testés sont globalement plus faibles que ceux des produits industriels testés, mais restent relativement proches. Néanmoins, les limites rencontrées pour caractériser la toxicité de plus de la moitié des substances émises invitent, dans une logique de prudence, à diminuer les expositions en particulier aux produits manufacturés et pour les populations les plus sensibles. Des recommandations d'usage sont proposées, notamment concernant les conditions d'aération des logements et d'utilisation des produits d'entretien, en particulier pour ceux contenant des huiles essentielles dont il est préférable de limiter la quantité utilisée
Particle emission characterization when incinerating halogen- and sulfur- containing nanowaste using a lab scale tubular furnace operating at 1100°C
No full textInternational audienc
Impact de l’érosion interne sur la stabilité d’une digue : approche innovante par modélisation multiphysique de l’aléa
No full textInternational audienceA numerical model has been developed for internal erosion. It is based on the approach of continuous porous media. The soil skeleton saturated by a pore fluid (water) is treated as the superposition of four constituents in interaction: solid skeleton, erodible fines, fluidized particles and fluid. The detachment and transport or advection of fine particles are modeled by the mass exchange between solid and fluid phases. In order to take into account the influence of the change in void ratio induced by internal erosion on the soil skeleton, a critical state based constitutive model is used to calculate the effective stress-strain response of the soil skeleton. This coupled hydro-mechanical analysis is applied to study the impact of erosion on a dyke. The numerical simulations show the progressive development of internal erosion within the foundation of the dyke. The effect of the mechanical degradation due to internal erosion is demonstrated by evaluating the factor of safety of the dyke slope by means of the shear strength reduction methodL’érosion interne est un processus hydrodynamique responsable de l’arrachement de particules et de leur transport dans les ouvrages hydrauliques tels que les barrages, les digues et leur fondation. Les ruptures par érosion interne et par renard hydraulique représentent un peu plus de la moitié des ruptures des ouvrages hydrauliques. Elles peuvent toucher aussi bien la fondation que le remblai, y compris le noyau étanche. Ce phénomène a fait l’objet par le passé de nombreux essais de laboratoire et de modélisations numériques. Cependant, la plupart des modèles numériques mis en oeuvre sont trop simplifiés d’un point de vue du comportement mécanique des sols et des ouvrages car ils sont fondés sur l’hypothèse d’un comportement élastique linéaire du sol et ne prennent pas en compte un comportement réel plus réaliste qui peut être mieux approximé en élastoplasticité. De ce fait, les travaux menés ont conduit à développer et mettre en oeuvre un modèle hydromécanique couplé pour l’érosion interne en assimilant le sol à un milieu poreux continu. Dans cette approche, le squelette du sol saturé par un fluide (eau) est traité comme la superposition de quatre constituants qui interagissent. L’érosion interne du squelette du sol et le transport des fines (particules de petite taille, érodables et transportables par l’eau interstitielle) sont modélisés par un transfert de masse entre les phases solide et fluide. La relation contrainte-déformation (i.e. le modèle de comportement de la matrice de sol) pour le squelette solide est calculée à l’aide d’un modèle constitutif basé sur l’état critique qui peut prendre en compte la dégradation progressive des propriétés mécaniques du sol induite par l’érosion interne. Les développements théoriques et numériques ont été implémentés dans un code de modélisation numérique par éléments finis. On dispose ainsi d’un outil intéressant qui permet in fine d’évaluer l’influence de l’érosion interne sur la stabilité d’un ouvrage hydraulique en calculant le facteur de sécurité compte tenu de la réduction de la résistance des matériau
De l’importance des composés organiques nitrés dans l’atmosphère. Caractérisation moléculaire et études de sources en air ambiant
No full textInternational audienceA detailed study of the nitrogen content organic compounds in PM, including source apportionment, has been performed over a one-year period (2013) in Grenoble (France) as well as at the SIRTA station, representing the suburban background air quality conditions of the Paris area, during an intense PM pollution event in March 2015 (PM10 > 50 μg m-3 for several days). For Grenoble, the results obtained indicated that concentrations of nitro-PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) were affected by secondary processes in summer but also in cold period under specific conditions, allowing for significant nitrate chemistry and secondary nitro-PAH formation processes. For the SIRTA dataset, a novel methodology has been developed and applied to refine the sources of organic aerosol (OA) combining dataset from ACSM (aerosol chemical speciation monitor) mass spectra and specific primary and secondary organic molecular markers from PM10 filters. The results showed the deconvolution of 10 OA factors including 3 primary OA (POA) and 7 secondary OA (biogenic and anthropogenic SOA) factors. The developed methodology allowed the clear identification of about half of the total SOA mass (75% of OA) observed during the sampling campaign and highlighted that 4 OA factors were linked to biomass burning emission with 2 primary sources (biomass burning OA (BBOA) and oxidized POA (OPOA)) and 2 secondary ones (from the oxidation of phenolic compounds and toluene). Furthermore, nitrated anthropogenic SOA, related to the oxidation of PAHs (characterized by nitro-PAHs), toluene, and phenolic compounds (methoxy-phenols), accounted for about 12% of total OA and exhibited a clear diurnal pattern with high concentrations during the night indicating the prominent role of night-time chemistry (nitrate radical). Future studies will focus on the organonitrate aerosol fraction starting by an intercomparison exercise of ACSM instruments end 2018 led by the ACMCC within the ACTRIS network activities.La pollution due aux particules atmosphériques (aérosols, PM) est à l’origine d’importantes problématiques sanitaires et climatiques. La connaissance et l’évaluation de la contribution de leurs sources constituent ainsi un enjeu capital en termes de politiques de gestion de la qualité de l’air. Parmi ces particules, la fraction organique est d’un intérêt majeur notamment car elle contient des composés toxiques tels que les nitro-HAP (hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques) dont les effets sur la santé sont encore mal connus. De plus, ces composés organiques absorbent une partie du rayonnement solaire et ont un effet sur le bilan radiatif, dont l’importance reste mal évaluée. Les travaux menés par l’Ineris ont permis de réaliser une évaluation approfondie des sources des PM et notamment d’une partie de la fraction organique nitrée. Une meilleure connaissance de l’origine des aérosols organiques (AO), qui représentent une part importante de la masse totale des particules fines dans l’atmosphère (de 20 à 90 % dans la basse troposphère), a pu être obtenue à l’aide de marqueurs organiques moléculaires quantifiés sur des échantillons collectés in situ et par couplage avec des données de mesures en temps réel par spectrométrie de masse aérosol
Comment gérer la biomasse végétale issue des phytotechnologies ? Perceptions des opérateurs de filières de valorisation
No full textInternational audienceA survey was carried out in 4 European countries to gather end-user’s perceptions of using plants from phytotechnologies in combustion and anaerobic digestion (AD). 9 actors of the wood energy sector and 11 AD platform operators from France, Germany, Austria and Sweden were interviewed. Questions related to installation, input materials, performed analyses, phytostabilization and phytoextraction. Although the majority of respondents did not know phytotechnologies, results suggested that plant biomass from phytomanaged areas could be used in AD and combustion, under certain conditions. As a potential advantage, these plants would not compete with plants grown on agricultural lands, contaminated lands being not suitable for food/feed production. Main limitations would be related to additional controls in inputs, end-products and installations that might generate additional costs. In most cases, the price of biomass from phytotechnologies was mentioned as a driver to potentially use it. Plants used in phytostabilisation were thought to be less risky and benefited from a better theoretical acceptance than those issued from phytoextraction.La production de cultures énergétiques est considérée comme une menace pour la sécurité alimentaire et le développement durable. Cependant, ces cultures peuvent s’effectuer sur des sols peu fertiles ou présentant une contamination ce qui permet d’éviter la compétition avec les sols agricoles tout en augmentant la production d’énergies renouvelables encouragée par la Directive 2009/28/EC et la restauration de ces sols grâce aux phytotechnologies. Les phytotechnologies sont des options de gestion des sols pollués basées sur l’utilisation de végétaux herbacés et ligneux souvent choisis pour être en synergie avec la microflore existante et des amendements apportés au sol. Ces techniques offrent la possibilité de produire de la biomasse renouvelable pour l’économie biobasée (ex : bioénergie, biocatalyse, biomatériaux) et d’améliorer les services écosystémiques en restaurant, par exemple, la structure, la qualité et les fonctions du sol. Les végétaux phytostabilisateurs affichent des concentrations en métaux identiques aux concentrations habituellement mesurées chez des végétaux se développant sur des sols non pollués tandis que les végétaux phytoextracteurs présentent des concentrations nettement supérieures à ces valeurs. Des essais de combustion conduits sur des saules enrichis en métaux (Cd et Zn) ont montré que leur valorisation était possible à condition que les chaudières soient équipées de filtres efficaces. Cependant, pour la combustion et la méthanisation, la possibilité d’épandre respectivement les cendres et le digestat pourrait, dans certains cas, être problématique. Elle dépend en effet de la qualité des résidus et du cadre règlementaire. La perception par les opérateurs de filières de valorisation des biomasses issues de phytotechnologies ayant été peu étudiée, une étude pour recueillir les opinions d’exploitants de chaudières à biomasse et de méthaniseurs a été réalisée. Cette étude a été conduite via des questionnaires auprès de vingt exploitants Européens issus de quatre pays (France, Allemagne, Suède et Autriche) dans le cadre du projet Greenland
Solid-phase extraction as sample preparation of water samples for cell-based and other in vitro bioassays
No full textInternational audienceIn vitro bioassays are increasingly used for water quality monitoring. Surface water samples often need to be enriched to observe an effect and solid-phase extraction (SPE) is commonly applied for this purpose. The applied methods are typically optimised for the recovery of target chemicals and not for effect recovery for bioassays. A review of the few studies that have evaluated SPE recovery for bioassays showed a lack of experimentally determined recoveries. Therefore, we systematically measured effect recovery of a mixture of 579 organic chemicals covering a wide range of physicochemical properties that were spiked into a pristine water sample and extracted using large volume solid-phase extraction (LVSPE). Assays indicative of activation of xenobiotic metabolism, hormone receptor-mediated effects and adaptive stress responses were applied, with non-specific effects determined through cytotoxicity measurements. Overall, effect recovery was found to be similar to chemical recovery for the majority of bioassays and LVSPE blanks had no effect. Multi-layer SPE exhibited greater recovery of spiked chemicals compared to LVSPE, but the blanks triggered cytotoxicity at high enrichment. Chemical recovery data together with single chemical effect data were used to retrospectively estimate with reverse recovery modelling that there was typically less than 30% effect loss expected due to reduced SPE recovery in published surface water monitoring studies. The combination of targeted experiments and mixture modelling clearly shows the utility of SPE as a sample preparation method for surface water samples, but also emphasizes the need for adequate controls when extraction methods are adapted from chemical analysis workflows
Standard devices vs IEC 61508 SIL safety devices Integration in process industry
No full textInternational audienceIn process industries like in other sectors, two mains systems are working together. - The control system and, - The safety system If the requirements for the control system are mostly based on the performance of the devices (sensors PLC and actuators) in terms of computation, response time that depends mostly to the process, the answer for the safety is mostly based on requirements defined in IEC 61511 standard that defines the application of IEC 61508 for the process industry. According to IEC 61511, for the realization of the safety function, end user can reach the requirements of IEC 61511 by: - Using PRIOR USE HARDWARE DEVICES or by - Using HARDWARE DEVELOPED AND ASSESSED ACCORDING TO IEC 61508 with for software some limitations. Because standard devices do not always comply with all requirements for safety applications in terms of : architecture, EMC levels, self tests and functional tests, this article will focus on the additional requirements end users have to take into account to comply the IEC 61508 / IEC 61511 requirements and will give them the keys to select and choose the adapted and compliant devices. This article will focus on sensor through the case of a radar...
Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report : Present-day ozone distribution and trends relevant to human health
No full textInternational audienceThis study quantifies the present-day global and regional distributions (2010–2014) and trends (2000–2014) for five ozone metrics relevant for short-term and long-term human exposure. These metrics, calculated by the Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report, are: 4th highest daily maximum 8-hour ozone (4MDA8); number of days with MDA8 > 70 ppb (NDGT70), SOMO35 (annual Sum of Ozone Means Over 35 ppb) and two seasonally averaged metrics (3MMDA1; AVGMDA8). These metrics were explored at ozone monitoring sites worldwide, which were classified as urban or non-urban based on population and nighttime lights data. Present-day distributions of 4MDA8 and NDGT70, determined predominantly by peak values, are similar with highest levels in western North America, southern Europe and East Asia. For the other three metrics, distributions are similar with North–South gradients more prominent across Europe and Japan. Between 2000 and 2014, significant negative trends in 4MDA8 and NDGT70 occur at most US and some European sites. In contrast, significant positive trends are found at many sites in South Korea and Hong Kong, with mixed trends across Japan. The other three metrics have similar, negative trends for many non-urban North American and some European and Japanese sites, and positive trends across much of East Asia. Globally, metrics at many sites exhibit non-significant trends. At 59% of all sites there is a common direction and significance in the trend across all five metrics, whilst 4MDA8 and NDGT70 have a common trend at ~80% of all sites. Sensitivity analysis shows AVGMDA8 trends differ with averaging period (warm season or annual). Trends are unchanged at many sites when a 1995–2014 period is used; although fewer sites exhibit non-significant trends. Over the longer period 1970–2014, most Japanese sites exhibit positive 4MDA8/SOMO35 trends. Insufficient data exist to characterize ozone trends for the rest of Asia and other world regions
A multi-band body-worn distributed radio-frequency exposure meter : design, on-body calibration and study of body morphology
No full textInternational audienceA multi-band Body-Worn Distributed exposure Meter (BWDM) calibrated for simultaneous measurement of the incident power density in 11 telecommunication frequency bands, is proposed. The BDWM consists of 22 textile antennas integrated in a garment and is calibrated on six human subjects in an anechoic chamber to assess its measurement uncertainty in terms of 68% confidence interval of the on-body antenna aperture. It is shown that by using multiple antennas in each frequency band, the uncertainty of the BWDM is 22 dB improved with respect to single nodes on the front and back of the torso and variations are decreased to maximum 8.8 dB. Moreover, deploying single antennas for different body morphologies results in a variation up to 9.3 dB, which is reduced to 3.6 dB using multiple antennas for six subjects with various body mass index values. The designed BWDM, has an improved uncertainty of up to 9.6 dB in comparison to commercially available personal exposure meters calibrated on body. As an application, an average incident power density in the range of 26.7–90.8 μW·m −2 is measured in Ghent, Belgium. The measurements show that commercial personal exposure meters underestimate the actual exposure by a factor of up to 20.6
Maternal cumulative exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and pregnancy outcomes in the Elfe cohort
No full textInternational audienceObjectives : To study the relations between maternal cumulative exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF EMF) and the risk of moderate prematurity and small for gestational age within the Elfe cohort. Methods : The Elfe study included 18,329 infants born at 33 weeks of gestation or more in France in 2011 and was designed to follow the children until 20 years of age. Gestational age and anthropometric data at birth were collected in medical records and small for gestational age was defined according to a French customized growth standard. During interviews, mothers were asked to report their job status during pregnancy. If employed, their occupation was coded according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations 1988 and the date on which they stopped their work was recorded. Cumulative exposure to ELF EMF during pregnancy was assessed, for both mothers who worked and those who did not during pregnancy, using a recently-updated job-exposure matrix (JEM). Cumulative exposure was considered as a categorical variable (< 17.5, 17.5–23.8, 23.8–36.2, 36.2–61.6 or ≥ 61.6 μT-days), a binary variable (< 44.1 and ≥ 44.1 μT-days) and a continuous variable. Associations were analyzed by logistic regression, adjusting for the mother's lifestyle factors, sociodemographic characteristics and some mother's medical history during and before pregnancy. Analyses were restricted to single births and to complete values for the pregnancy outcomes (n = 16,733). Results : Cumulative exposure was obtained for 96.0% of the mothers. Among them, 37.5% were classified in the 23.8–36.2 μT-days category, but high exposures were rare: 1.3% in the ≥ 61.6 μT-days category and 5.5% in the ≥ 44.1 μT-days category. No significant association was observed between maternal cumulative exposure and moderate prematurity and small for gestational age in this exposure range. Conclusion : This large population-based study does not suggest that maternal exposure to ELF EMF during pregnancy is highly associated with risks of moderate prematurity or small for gestational age