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Hazard classification of waste : review of available practical methods and tools
No full textInternational audienceHazard classification of waste is useful for the sound management and the recycling of potential resources. According to EU, the chemicals and waste policy areas are now converging, since the point is to minimise the adverse effects on human health and the environment, by phasing out hazardous chemicals or reducing release to air, water and soil. An exhaustive analysis of elements and substances and some tests are required to prove that a waste is non-hazardous. This can help to identify substances of concern not clearly evidenced by the waste management community. Many of these substances were legally used when the products were manufactured, but when the products become waste and are recovered, the now banned or restricted substance may still be contained in the recovered material. This classification can be used to improve the recycling of resources and to avoid dispersion of hazardous elements or substances during uncontrolled use (avoiding loops of hazardous substances). Some hard examples are plastics products with low concentration of antimony and brominated flame retardants from recycled plastics, concrete blocks with granulate of lead activated glass from cathode ray tubes, or dike reinforcement by sand and gravel from copper and lead slags. The different steps for classification are collection of information, sampling, analysis, tests, hypothesis of speciation of elements into mineral substances, collecting hazard statement codes of substances, and comparing weighted sum or maxima of concentrations or tests results with given concentration limits for each hazard property, or eventual use of now available internet sites, will be presented
An extensive method to analyze impacts of cyber-security on major hazards
No full textInternational audienceOperators of industrial facilities must be able to control the risks that their installations pose to people or environment. To demonstrate this, they identify the major accident scenarios through preliminary and detailed risk analysis steps, then evaluate the performance of the risk control measures, and finally, risk acceptability in terms of likelihood and severity. The risk analysis methods used are adapted to evaluate accidental events. Industrial control systems (ICS) include control systems, safety instrumented systems and communication systems. They tend to be increasingly interconnected with the company's information systems and to use technologies derived from IT. They are therefore more vulnerable to cyber-attacks which can potentially generate major hazards for people and the environment. A cyber-attack can be targeted or not, can be internal or external to the targeted industrial site and the means of carrying out future attacks are potentially new and unknown. INERIS seeks to evaluate the impact of cyber-attacks on ICS in the process industry and particularly the possibility for the attacker to provoke dangerous effects for populations and environment. The approach should be focused on physical effects rather than on ICS vulnerabilities. A first approach, ATBT, consisted to link attack trees and bowtie diagrams (ESREL 2017, Computer and Security 2017). This allows to evaluate the likelihood of accidental and malicious causes of major hazards. This first approach relies on bowtie diagrams developed to assess accidental risks which are not exhaustive for attack scenarios. In this paper, we propose an approach to complete the identification of attack scenarios during the preliminary risk analysis. The aim of this methodology is to bridge the risk analysis related to cyber-attacks of IT and OT systems and risk analysis
Roadside grass valorization in anaerobic digestion ("CARMEN" project)
No full textInternational audienceValorization of the grass which is mowed on roadsides is developing in France, and little information on contaminants (heavy metals and organic compounds) is available. During the CARMEN project, roadside grass was sampled on different locations in Western France, during different mowing periods (spring and autumn) in order to evaluate the trafic load and the seasonal influences. In addition, small scale AD tests were performed in order to evaluate the methane potential of grass and manure mixtures and contaminant transfer between the inputs: grass and manure and the ourputs : liquid phase and the digestate, in controlled conditions
The european consensus platform for 3R alternatives to animal experimentation (ecopa)
No full textInternational audienceThe ecopa is a non-profit organization which explores all possible means to improve the exchange of information in the area of alternative methods. The primary mission of ecopa is to raise public, governmental and scientific awareness for a better use of alternative methods for scientific purposes with the final goal of fully replacing all in vivo tests while improving the quality of risk assessment in humans. Presently, ecopa is composed by 7 National Consensus Platforms (French, Finland, Norway, Spain, Italy, Germany and Switzerland) and has other members as individuals to include academic institutions, professional associations, companies, and any other organisation which support ecopa's aims. National Consensus Platforms are usually structured with representatives from ecopa"s four stakeholders: Government and regulatory authorities, academia, industry, and animal protection and welfare organisations. The aims of ecopa are to facilitate the exchange of scientific information, expertise and experience between national consensus platforms to enhance implementation of refinement, reduction and replacement in the EU and worldwide. ecopa recommends the use of alternative strategies that may elucidate the real mechanism of actions of the different substances in humans, in particular when the animal models fail in predicting an effect. Adhering to the 3Rs, ecopa strives to raise public, governmental and scientific awareness for a better acceptance of alternatives both at member state and European levels. Members of ecopa are part of ESAC at EURL-ECVAM and it is constantly in contact with DG Environment and DG Health & Consumers. Additionally, many members are participating in European Integrated Projects. The ecopa is also an accredited stakeholder at both ECHA and EFSA. Some national consensus platforms also have strong interest in biomedical research even though the main focus remains in the methodology for risk assessment
Etats de l'art : Caractérisation des particules issues du freinage automobile
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Manager la santé sécurité Environnement : rôle et responsabilité du responsable SST
No full textInternational audienceL'évolution de la législation, la demande sociale contraignent l'entreprise à relever le défi permanent que représente la prévention des risques pour la santé et la sécurité et l'environnement. Le responsable SST, est un métier avec des facettes multiples et certaines responsabilités Initier une dynamique de prévention des risques au sein d'un organisme ou d'une entreprise, conseiller la direction de l'organisme, structurer la démarche, garantir l'implication de chacun dans la sécurité, voici certaines des missions d'un Responsable Santé-Sécurité Environnement
Méthanisation propre et sûre : retour d'expériences et bonnes pratiques métiers
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L’incendie vu par l’analyse des risques : application aux sites de traitement de déchets (compostage)
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Chemical Characterization of Biomass Burning Sources Using Targeted and Untargeted Approaches
No full textInternational audienceBiomass burning is a significant source of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air. To date, the evaluation of the distinct contributions of both, wood burning, used for residential heating, and green waste burning, on PM concentration levels is difficult and rarely achieved. Such discrimination is of major concern for air quality policy makers in order to implement effective actions to reduce air pollution. The main objective of the research project SODEMASS (bioMASS burning SOurces DEconvolution) is to identify specific organic molecular markers and/or chemical patterns of both biomass burning sources that can be further used in PM source apportionment studies. Several experiments have been performed in “real” conditions using different wood combustion appliances such as a residential wood stove and a fireplace. Several parameters have been investigated including the output conditions (nominal vs reduced) and the wood log moisture content (mix of species including beech, oak, and hornbeam). In addition, green waste burning experiments have been carried out in a large combustion chamber facility (1000 m3) using two kinds of burning material such as grass mowing with tree leaves and hedge trimming with branches. Several physicochemical parameters (smoke temperature, O2, NOx, CO, CO2, non volatile PM concentrations) were monitored continuously by using automatic sensors or analyzers and about 50 PM samples (on quartz fiber filters) have been collected after dilution of the channeled smoke (dilution factor about 1000). Filter samples have been characterized using both, targeted (levoglucosan and its isomers, methoxyphenols, alkanes, polyols, catechols and derivatives as well as EC/OC) and nontargeted (high resolution mass spectrometry (Q TOF) coupled to GC or LC) approaches. The data treatment and statistical analysis will allow highlighting specific organic molecular species (exact mass, retention time, molecular formula, MS/MS fragmentation…) or chemical pattern candidates of each biomass burning source
Mechanical characterisation of polyisocyanurate foam intended to be used to mitigate explosion blast effects
No full textInternational audienceThe protection of industrial buildings against an explosion blast is a recurring subject for safety engineers. A way to answer the need for protection is to use materials that ally thermal insulation and blast mitigation. These materials are called dissipative insulating materials. Most of them are used for energy absorption in other fields, like for example in the automotive industry for safety systems. In this paper, the main mechanical properties of a polyurethane foam in quasi-static and high-speed dynamic compressions are investigated