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Satellite data assimilation at regional scale using the Chimere model
No full textInternational audienceThe quantity and accuracy of satellite data is constantly growing up for air quality monitoring. They are already widely used to perform better forecast and analysis for global modeling. Even if, high resolution modeling at regional scale has been relying on surface observation for a long time, we will focus on data assimilation over Europe looking especially for satellite data assimilation.In this study, the Chemistry model transport CHIMERE is associated to the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART from the National Center Atmospheric Research) to simulate recent events of pollution using for the Sentinel 5P data. Preliminary results coming from the CAMs EvOlution (CAMEO) project will be presented for the Sentinel 5P data. Special emphasis will be made on the regional set-up of the Adjustment Ensemble Kalman Filter (AEKF) ensemble data assimilation system used and future development
Imazalil and prochloraz toxicokinetics in fish probed by a physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model
No full textInternational audienceAzole fungicides are highly suspected endocrine disruptors (EDs) and are frequently detected in surface water. Among them, there are prochloraz (PCZ), a commonly used molecule for ED studies, and imazalil (IMZ), a highly suspected ED. Little is known about their toxicokinetic (TK) behavior in fish. Hence, research suggested that an improved risk assessment could be achieved by gaining insight into their TK behavior. The aim of this study is to understand and model the TK of both substances in different fish species, irrespective of the scheme of exposure. TK data from the literature were retrieved including different modes of exposure (per os and waterborne). In addition, two experiments on zebrafish exposed to either IMZ or PCZ were performed to address the lack of in vivo TK data. A physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model applied to IMZ and PCZ was developed, capable of modeling different exposure scenarios. The parameters of the PBK model were simultaneously calibrated on datasets reporting internal concentration in several organs in three fish species (original and literature datasets) by Bayesian methods (Monte Carlo Markov Chain). Model predictions were then compared to other experimental data (i.e., excluded from the calibration step) to assess the predictive performance of the model. The results strongly suggest that PCZ and IMZ are actively transported across the gills, resulting in a small fraction being effectively absorbed by the fish. The model’s results also confirm that both molecules are extensively metabolized by the liver into mainly glucuronate conjugates. Overall, the model performances were satisfying, predicting internal concentrations in several key organs. On average, 90% of experimental data were predicted within a two-fold range. The PBK model allows the understanding of IMZ and PCZ kinetics profiles by accurately predicting internal concentrations in three different fish species regardless of the exposure scenario. This enables a proper understanding of the mechanism of action of EDs at the molecular initiating event (MIE) by predicting bioaccumulation in target organs, thus linking this MIE to a possible adverse outcome
Enhancing Environmental Performance: A Method for Identifying and Prioritizing Key Environmental Issues in Industry
No full textInternational audienceBAT-based regulations necessitate defining key environmental issues (KEIs) to focus data collection and discussions on the main topics when establishing best available techniques (BATs) at the sector level. However, Article 14 of the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) suggests that some significant environmental issues may not be covered by BAT conclusions but still require the implementation of BATs at the local level, even in the absence of defined sectoral BAT references. The IED, along with the associated Commission Implementing Decisions and guides, does not offer guidelines for selecting KEIs at the local level, whether by the competent authority or the operator. To ensure full compliance with the IED by installations under its scope, this paper proposes a methodology for determining KEIs locally. Based on the environmental aspects of the installation, the sensitivity of the environment, and the levels of emissions or consumption, this methodology has been tested on a case study at the plant level to demonstrate its effectiveness. The paper then discusses the contributions and limitations of the methodology and suggests areas for future research. The proposed methodology was tested at the factory level, where it effectively identified and prioritized key environmental issues (KEIs) by focusing on site-specific environmental aspects not covered by sectoral BAT conclusions. The results suggested improved alignment with local environmental challenges, indicating the methodology’s effectiveness in capturing key issues that may require immediate action under Article 14 of the IED. This approach provides a practical framework for prioritizing environmental impacts based on local context and regulatory requirements
Toward a more realistic estimate of exposure to chromium and nickel in soils of geogenic and/or anthropogenic origin: importance of oral bioaccessibility
No full textInternational audienceTo enhance risk assessment for contaminated sites, incorporating bioavailability through bioaccessibility as a corrective factor to total concentration is essential to provide a more realistic estimate of exposure. While the main in vitro tests have been validated for As, Cd, and/or Pb, their potential for assessing the bioaccessibility of additional elements remains underexplored. In this study, the physicochemical parameters, pseudototal Cr and Ni concentrations, soil phase distribution, and oral bioaccessibility of twenty-seven soil samples were analysed using both the ISO 17924 standard and a simplified test based on hydrochloric acid. The results showed wide variability in terms of the concentrations (from 31 to 21,079 mg kg−1 for Cr, and from 26 to 11,663 mg kg−1 for Ni) and generally low bioaccessibility for Cr and Ni, with levels below 20% and 30%, respectively. Bioaccessibility variability was greater for anthropogenic soils, while geogenic enriched soils exhibited low bioaccessibility. The soil parameters had an influence on bioaccessibility, but the effects depended on the soils of interest. Sequential extractions provided the most comprehensive explanation for bioaccessibility. Cr and Ni were mostly associated with the residual fraction, indicating limited bioaccessibility. Ni was distributed in all phases, whereas Cr was absent from the most mobile phase, which may explain the lower bioaccessibility of Cr compared to that of Ni. The study showed promising results for the use of the simplified test to predict Cr and Ni bioaccessibility, and its importance for more accurate human exposure evaluation and effective soil management practices
Explosivity of nanomaterials for lithium-ion battery electrodes
No full textInternational audienceAs the European Union tries to develop important LIB production capacity by supporting the development of many gigafactories, new materials are under investigation to enhance the Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) performances. A promising way onwards seems to be the optimization of the chemical composition of LIBs using nanomaterials (NMs).NMs most frequently used as active materials for the anode are silicon, lithium titanate oxide (LTO), and graphite. In addition, carbon black (CB) is used as an additive to increase the conductivity and the electrical performance of LIBs. Even if NMs are beneficial for LIB performances, the reduction of the particle size might induce an explosive behaviour of the powder used during manufacturing.For this reason, a study on crucial NMs safety was conducted to evaluate both physicochemical characteristics and relating explosivity risks of those NMs to ensure their safe production, handling, and use, including in the gigafactories under construction all over Europe.Firstly, the characterization of the pristine NMs was performed (i.e., median particle size (d50) and specific surface area (SSA)). Then, explosion parameters were assessed (i.e., minimum explosible concentration (MEC), maximum explosion pressure (Pmax), and deflagration index (Kst)) according to the standards.For LTO materials, no explosivity is observed due to the lack of combustibility and absence of any explosion-prone chemical group. A rise in the explosion's parameters was noted with the material's reduction in size from micro to nanoscale. In general, for the NMs, a smaller concentration of combustible dust mixed with air is needed for a deflagration to occur.This deflagration leads to higher maximum pressure values that, in addition, are set faster. For example, the micro-C exhibited no explosive behaviour, while the nano-C showed weak explosive severity (Kmax = 63 bar m/s). Consequently, the utilisation of nanomaterials in the production of LIBs necessitates that the risk assessment be conducted with due consideration of the heightened explosion risk that is due to their use
Pioneering an effect-based early warning system for hazardous chemicals in the environment
No full textInternational audienc
Fibres courtes d’amiante en milieu professionnel
No full textCitation suggérée : Anses. (2024). Fibres courtes d’amiante en milieu professionnel. (saisine 2022-SA-0223). Maisons-Alfort : Anses, 97 p.L’Anses a été saisie en novembre 2022 par la Direction Générale du Travail (DGT) sur la question des fibres courtes d’amiante (FCA) en milieu professionnel. Cette saisine fait suite à la publication par l’Anses en novembre 2022 d’un rapport d’expertise relatif à une mise à jour des données sanitaires et des données d’exposition aux fibres courtes d’amiante (FCA) depuis 2009, date à laquelle l’Anses avait publié une première expertise sur le sujet des FCA (Anses2009, 2022). L’expertise de 2022 prenait également en compte les données relatives aux particules minérales allongées d’intérêt (PMAi) courtes (Anses 2022).L’expertise de 2022 a confirmé, en milieu professionnel, une exposition majoritaire aux FCA/PMAi courtes, ainsi que des concentrations en FCA/PMAi courtes pouvant être très élevées. En environnement général intérieur, la présence de FCA a été identifiée dans près de la moitié des environnements investigués sans détecter de fibres longues dans 1/3 de ces situations (CSTB 2013). L’expertise a également souligné le fait qu’il n’existe pas de protocole harmonisé de comptage des FCA/PMAi courtes, et les travaux expertisés précisent rarement les critères de comptage appliqués. Chez l’humain, la mise à jour des données a permis d’identifier quelques données supplémentaires qui vont dans le sens d’un effet sanitaire des FCA/PMAi courtes, avec toutefois des difficultés d’interprétation. De même, les données de biométrologie, bien que confirmant la part importante représentée par les FCA/PMAi courtesdans des échantillons pulmonaires de travailleurs, par rapport à l’ensemble des fibres/PMAi identifiées, n’ont pas apporté d’éléments sur la pathogénicité des FCA/PMAi courtes. Chez l’animal, les nouvelles données étaient trop peu nombreuses pour permettre une conclusion robuste sur la toxicité intrinsèque des FCA/PMAi courtes. Au final, ces nouvelles données ne permettaient pas, tout comme cela avait été conclu en 2009, d’envisager la construction d’une relation dose-réponse et la réalisation d’une évaluation des risques sanitaires (ERS) pour les FCA/PMAi courtes
An uncertainty methodology for solar occultation flux measurements: ammonia emissions from livestock production
No full textInternational audienceAmmonia (NH3) emissions can negatively affect ecosystems and human health, so they should be monitored and mitigated. This study presents methodology for the estimation of uncertainties in NH3 emissions measurements using the solar occultation flux (SOF) method. The reactive nature of NH3 makes its measurement challenging, but SOF offers a reliable open-path passive method which utilizes solar spectrum data, thereby avoiding gas adsorption within the instrument. To compute NH3 gas fluxes, horizontal and vertical wind speed profiles, as well as plume height estimates and spatially resolved column measurements, are integrated. A unique aspect of this work is the first-time description of plume height estimations derived from ground and column NH3 concentration measurements aimed at uncertainty reduction. Initial validation tests indicated measurement errors between −31 % and +14 % on average, which was slightly larger than the estimated expanded uncertainty ranging from ± 12 % to ± 17 %. Application of the methodology to assess emission rates from farms of various sizes showed uncertainties between ± 21 % and ± 37 %, generally influenced by systematic wind uncertainties and random errors. The method demonstrates the capacity to measure NH3 emissions from both small (∼ 0.5–1 kg h−1) and large (∼ 100 kg h−1) sources in high-density farming areas. Generally, the SOF method provided an expanded uncertainty below 30 % in measuring NH3 emissions from livestock production, which could be further improved by adhering to best application practices. This paper's findings offer the potential for broader applications, such as measuring NH3 fluxes from fertilized fields and in the oil and gas sector. However, these applications would require further research to adapt and refine the methodologies for these specific contexts
Identifier les perturbateurs endocriniens par modélisation: Criblage virtuel des modalités de perturbation du système endocrinien
No full textNational audienc
Experimental Investigation of Saturation Effect on the Mechanical Behaviour of Château-Landon Chalk
No full textInternational audienceAbandoned underground mines appear to be very sensitive to the variations in their environment. Due to seasonal environmental changes often related to climate and resulting in changes in the water table and hygrometry, the pillars are often subjected to cyclic variations of saturation. This could affect the short- and long-term stability of these abandoned structures. In this paper, a preliminary study on the behaviour of Château-Landon chalk has been carried out. Samples were extracted from pillars of the abandoned Royer chalk mine (Château-Landon, France). The mechanical behaviour of this chalk was then investigated by performing conventional hydrostatic, triaxial compression, and creep tests under drained conditions at different water saturation degrees and confining pressures. The obtained results show up fundamental aspects of this chalk behaviour. Its high sensitivity to water and confining pressure are described, and a water saturation-induced plastic deformation is analysed. The results presented in this paper provide some key mechanisms that can be used in the framework of back analysis and expertise in underground chalk mines, as well as the data required for the development of a specific constitutive model