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Microvesicular liver stetaosis : a case study with (unbranched) carboxylic acids
No full textInternational audienc
Investigation of ammonium nitrate contaminants based on computational chemistry approaches
No full textInternational audienc
Assessing the influence of real releases on explosions : motivation and previous work
No full textInternational audienceGas explosions represent a severe hazard in industry - a majority of the 100 largest property losses in the hydrocarbon industries from 1974 to 2017 involved fires and explosions (Marsh, 2018). Most accidental gas explosions entail a chain of events that include loss of containment of gaseous or liquid fuel, dispersion and mixing to form a flammable fuel-air cloud, ignition, turbulent combustion, local pressure build-up and propagation of blast waves in the surroundings. The positive feedback between expansion of combustion products, generation of turbulence in the unreacted mixture, especially in wakes behind obstacles, and enhanced rate of turbulent combustion causes flame acceleration in congested geometries (Bjerketvedt et al., 1997). However, it is also clear that pre-ignition turbulence and various instability phenomena can play a significant role in explosion scenarios, and that deflagrations may undergo transition to detonations (DDT) under certain conditions (Moen, 1993). Safe design of industrial facilities and optimal implementation of risk-reducing measures require validated models that can simulate the consequences of gas explosions in complex geometries with sufficient accuracy (Skjold et al., 2018). The research activities in the project Assessing the Influence of Real Releases on Explosions (AIRRE) include a unique series of large-scale explosion experiments with ignited high-momentum jet releases directed into congested geometries. The project also includes validation of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLACS and systematic studies to validate and improve the current state-of-the-art methodologies for quantitative risk assessment (QRA). As such, the primary objective for the AIRRE project is to gain improved understanding of the effect realistic releases and turbulent flow conditions have on the course and consequences of accidental gas explosions in the petroleum industry, and thereby develop and commercialize technology and methodology that can facilitate safe and optimal design of process facilities. This paper outlines the motivation for the AIRRE project and summarises results from previous work on ignited jet releases
Triclosan Lacks (Anti-) Estrogenic Effects in Zebrafish Cells but Modulates Estrogen Response in Zebrafish Embryos
No full textInternational audienceTriclosan (TCS), an antimicrobial agent widely found in the aquatic environment, is suspected to act as an endocrine disrupting compound, however mechanistic information is lacking in regards to aquatic species. This study assessed the ability of TCS to interfere with estrogen receptor (ER) transcriptional activity, in zebrafish-specific in vitro and in vivo reporter gene assays. We report that TCS exhibits a lack of either agonistic or antagonistic effects on a panel of ER-expressing zebrafish (ZELH-zfER alpha and -zfER beta) and human (MELN) cell lines. At the organism level, TCS at concentrations of up to 0.3 mu M had no effect on ER-regulated brain aromatase gene expression in transgenic cyp19a1b-GFP zebrafish embryos. At a concentration of 1 mu M, TCS interfered with the E2 response in an ambivalent manner by potentializing a low E2 response (0.625 nM), but decreasing a high E2 response (10 nM). Altogether, our study suggests that while modulation of ER-regulated genes by TCS may occur in zebrafish, it does so irrespective of a direct binding and activation of zfERs
Comment intégrer les cyber-attaques dans l'évaluation globale des risques pour les installations classées ? Proposition d'un cadre général d'analyse des risques
No full textNational audienceMany guides, methods, standards, recommendations or regulations deal with industrial risk control on the one hand or cybersecurity of industrial installations on the other. These two subjects interact but the normative and regulatory documents as well as the methodologies implemented have been developed separately. It can therefore be difficult to apply them in a coordinated and efficient way to the same system. This paper compares the approaches and presents the possible implications of cyber threats on the risk assessment of hazardous installations. A general framework to consider cyber security in the risk assessment for people and environment in the process industry is then proposed.De nombreux guides, méthodes, normes, recommandations ou réglementations traitent des sujets de la maîtrise des risques industriels d'une part ou de la cybersécurité des installations industrielles d'autre part. Ces deux sujets interagissent mais les documents normatifs et réglementaires ainsi que les méthodologies mises en oeuvre, ont été développés séparément. Il peut donc être difficile de les appliquer de manière coordonnée et efficiente à un même système. Cet article compare les approches et présente les implications possibles de la cyber malveillance sur la maîtrise des risques pour les installations classées. Une démarche méthodologique générale pour prendre en compte la cybersécurité dans la maîtrise des risques pour les personnes et l'environnement, en particulier dans l'industrie des procédés est ensuite proposée
Design of lab-scale spraying scrubber for the study of submicronic and nano-particles collection in flue-gas incineration
No full textInternational audienc
Comment les conditions d'extraction en phase solide affectent l'analyse suspectée et non-ciblée pour l'évaluation de la contamination des eaux de surface
No full text[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [ADD1_IRSTEA]Systèmes aquatiques soumis à des pressions multiplesInternational audienceIdentifying organic contaminants present in aquatic environments is of major concern for water quality monitoring. New analytical and data treatment tools have been developed to meet this challenge. The sample preparation before analyses is the first crucial step to be optimized before using suspect and non-target-screening approaches for qualitative evaluations of water pollution by contaminants from various chemical and usage families. As part of the action of Aquaref, which is the French reference laboratory for environmental monitoring in the Water Framework Directive, different solid phase extraction conditions (SPE, n=3 per condition) were tested towards UHPLC-HRMS (separation by UHPLC carried out with a C18) analysis. The SPE protocols varied according to the extraction phase (Oasis HLB or multilayer cartridge), the elution solvent (methanol or methanol and dichloromethane) and sample pH (pH 3 or 7). To ensure data quality, blank solvents, extracted blanks and quality control (QC) were also injected. The QC sample corresponds to a pool of 5 µL of each sample extract and is injected repeatedly throughout the injection sequence to monitor the analytical repeatability. By suspect screening strategy, most of the investigated compounds were found in all SPE extracts. The results revealed the presence of contaminants such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals, sweeteners, or anti-corrosive agents. For pesticides, approved (e.g. diuron) and not approved (e.g. terbutryn) compounds were both detected. Concerning the pharmaceuticals, drugs acting on the nervous system were most common (e.g. oxazepam), as well as betablockers (e.g. metoprolol). The without any a priori non-target approach highlighted that the SPE conditions affect the quality and the interpretation of the data. The number of signals (features) detected by each method varies, as does the number of signals associated with background noise, for each sample preparation method tested. These results support the suspect screening results. Data treatment revealed that the two SPE with Oasis HLB extraction phase at pH 7 (elution with methanol or methanol and dichloromethane) lead to detection of more signals with m/z above 600 Da. Based on the retention time distribution of signals detected for each SPE methods, the multilayered cartridge allowed the extraction of more polar compounds than the other SPE methods. The comparison of all the signals detected with each SPE condition revealed that 31% to 57% of them are specific to only one SPE method. The evaluation of sample preparation methods prior to suspect and non-target screening is required before data treatment to assess the presence of contaminants in water
Poussières et propriétés mécaniques des solides en vrac cohésifs et non cohésifs
No full textHandling and processing of granular material release fine solid dust particles, which in an occupational setting, can severely affect worker health & safety and the overall plant operation. Dustiness or the ability of a material to release dust particles depends on several material and process parameters and is usually measured by lab-scale dustiness testers. Dustiness tests remain mostly experimental studies and lack reliable predictive ability due to limited understanding of the dust generation mechanisms and the complex interactions between the particles, wall and fluid, occurring simultaneously during dust generation. In the framework of EU ITN project T-MAPPP, this thesis uses an experimental approach to understand the dust generation mechanisms by studying: a) the effects of key bulk and particle properties on powder dustiness; b) the nature and magnitude of inter-particle, particle-wall and particle-fluid interactions; c) the evolution of dustiness and generation mechanisms for long duration powder applications. The results indicate that the dust generation mechanisms differ based on particle size and size distribution of the powder. For the given test samples and experimental conditions, the differences in powder dustiness and dust emission patterns can be characterized by three different groups of powders; powders containing fine cohesive particles, bi-modal (consisting of fine and large particles) powders and lastly, powders consisting of only large particles. While bulk cohesion, especially that stemming from van der Waals forces (measured using shear testers) determines the level of dustiness for the fine powders (in such a way that higher bulk cohesion leads to lower dustiness), both the fraction of fine particles and cohesion determine the dustiness of bi-modal powders. The large particles can emit dust only through attrition of the primary particles into smaller aerosolizable fine particles. Analysis of a traced particle motion inside a cylindrical tube agitated by a vortex shaker dustiness tester shows the cyclic nature of the particle motion. The motion (position and velocity) is symmetric and isotropic in the horizontal plane with lowest radial velocities close to the tube centre and highest at the boundary wall of the test tube. The particles tend to rise up slowly in the middle of the tube while descending rapidly close to the wall. The highest values of the velocity are found at the highest heights and close to the wall of the test tube, where the population densities are lowest. Increasing particle size and vortex rotation speeds tends to increase particle velocity whereas increase in powder mass leads to a decrease in particle velocity for rotation speeds up to 1500 rpm. For the given samples (silicon carbide, alumina and acetylene coke) and the experimental conditions, the initial dustiness is determined by the fraction of fine respirable particles present in the powder but the long-term dust generation patterns and levels are influenced by the material attrition behaviour. Dust is generated by the fragmentation and/or abrasion of primary particles, which may lead to the production and emission of fine daughter particles as dust. The samples with large irregularly shaped particles are likely to show high dustiness by shedding angular corners through inter-particle and particle-wall collisions, thus becoming more spherical in shape. On the contrary, the smaller particles are more resistant to abrasion and generate relatively less dust. While the vortex shaker dustiness tests show similar trends as an attrition tester, our study using alumina and acetylene coke indicate that the results are not interchangeable. Results from this thesis help understand the influence of powder and process parameters which may be manipulated to reduce dust generation. Furthermore, experimental results can be used to develop and validate numerical models to predict dustiness.La manutention et la mise en œuvre des matériaux granulaires libèrent de fines particules de poussière qui, dans un contexte professionnel, peuvent gravement affecter la santé et la sécurité des travailleurs, ainsi que le fonctionnement global de l'installation. L’émission de poussières et la capacité d'un matériau à libérer des particules de poussière, dépendent de plusieurs paramètres relatifs au matériau mais aussi au procédé. Ces émissions sont généralement mesurées par des tests d'empoussièrement à l'échelle du laboratoire. Ces tests reposent principalement sur des études expérimentales et manquent de capacité prédictive fiable en raison d'une compréhension limitée des mécanismes mis en jeu et des interactions complexes entre particules, paroi et fluide, survenant simultanément pendant la génération de poussières. Dans le cadre du projet EU ITN T-MAPPP, cette thèse utilise des approches expérimentales et statistiques pour comprendre les mécanismes de génération de poussières en étudiant: a) les effets des caractéristiques des particules et poudres en vrac sur l’émission de poussières; b) la nature et l'ampleur des interactions entre particules, entre particules et parois, et entre particules et fluides; c) l'évolution de l'empoussièrement et des mécanismes de génération pour des applications de poudre de longue durée. Les résultats indiquent que les mécanismes de génération de poussière diffèrent en fonction de la taille des particules et de la distribution de taille de la poudre. Pour les échantillons d'essai et les conditions expérimentales donnés, les différences dans les modèles initiaux de libération de poussière peuvent être caractérisées par trois groupes différents de poudres : - des poudres contenant des particules cohésives fines, - des poudres bimodales (constituées de fines et de grosses particules), - et enfin des poudres constituées de grosses particules. Tandis que la cohésion globale, surtout celle due aux forces de van der Waals (mesurée à l'aide de testeurs de cisaillement) détermine le niveau de poussières pour les poudres fines, de telle sorte qu'une cohésion globale plus élevée conduit à moins de poussière, la fraction de particules fines et la cohésion déterminent toutes deux l'empoussièrement provenant des poudres bi-modales. Les grosses particules peuvent émettre de la poussière uniquement par usure des particules primaires en particules fines aérosolisables plus petites. L'analyse d'un mouvement de particules tracées à l'intérieur d'un tube cylindrique agité par un testeur d'empoussiérage à vortex montre une nature cyclique du mouvement des particules. Le mouvement des particules (position et vitesse) est symétrique et isotrope dans le plan horizontal, les vitesses radiales les plus basses et les plus élevées étant proches du centre du tube et de la paroi, respectivement. Les particules ont tendance à s'élever lentement au milieu du tube tout en descendant rapidement près de la paroi. Les valeurs les plus élevées de la vitesse se trouvent aux hauteurs les plus élevées et près de la paroi interne du tube à essai, où les densités de population sont les plus faibles. Les valeurs plus élevées de la vitesse pourraient provenir d’une diminution du nombre de chocs due à des densités de population plus faibles. L'augmentation de la taille des particules et des vitesses de rotation des tourbillons tend à augmenter la vitesse des particules tandis que l'augmentation de la masse de poudre conduit à une diminution de la vitesse des particules pour des vitesses de rotation allant jusqu'à 1500 tr / min. Pour les échantillons donnés (carbure de silicium, alumine et coke d'acétylène) et les conditions expérimentales, l'empoussièrement initial est déterminé par la fraction de fines particules respirables présentes dans la poudre, mais les modèles et les niveaux de génération de poussière à long terme sont influencés par le comportement d’attrition matérielle
Avancées sur la modélisation des aérosols dans le modèle CHIMERE
No full textInternational audienceIneris operates and develops the CHIMERE chemistry transport model which is now widely used throughout Europe and beyond for air quality forecasting and assessment. To maintain the model at the state of the art and improve its performances, CHIMERE needs to be regularly updated to take into account the last findings on air quality modeling. In this spirit, a new aerosol module was developed and implemented into CHIMERE. Developments include the revision the algorithms of condensation/evaporation and coagulation processes and the implementation of a new secondary organic aerosol mechanism. Concentrations of particles over Europe were simulated for the year 2013 and were compared to available PM concentrations and speciation measured at several stations in Europe. The model gives satisfactory performance in general but overestimates ammonium nitrate concentrations during late autumn (possibly due to problems in the temporal evolution of emissions) and underestimates summer organic aerosol concentrations over most of the stations (especially in northern Europe).L’unité de modélisation atmosphérique et cartographie environnementale de l’Ineris développe et met en oeuvre le modèle de chimie-transport CHIMERE pour ses missions d’appui aux politiques publiques, de recherche et ses activités d’expertise. La partie la plus visible de la modélisation de la qualité de l’air concerne la plateforme nationale de prévision de la qualité de l’air PREV’AIR coordonnée par l’Institut en collaboration avec Météo France, le CNRS et le Laboratoire central de surveillance de la qualité de l’air. PREV’AIR met à disposition des prévisions à courte échéance (de l’ordre de quelques jours), mais les modélisations CHIMERE servent aussi à évaluer l’efficacité des politiques de gestion de la qualité de l’air que ce soit en rétrospectif (pour des analyses de tendances) ou en projection pour évaluer l’amélioration de qualité de l’air qui est attendue en termes de baisses d’émissions programmées, comme cela avait été fait pour le Plan national de réduction des émissions de polluants atmosphériques – PREPA adopté pour la période 2017-2021 (décret et arrêté du 10 mai 2017). CHIMERE est un modèle déterministe qui résout les équations régissant le transport et l’évolution physico-chimique des particules en utilisant en entrée les données de flux d’émissions induits principalement par les activités humaines et les champs météorologiques qui influent sur l’accumulation et la dispersion des polluant
Place du stockage souterrain d’énergie dans la transition énergétique
No full textInternational audienceThe French law of 2015 on the energy transition for green growth aims to increase the share of renewable energy to 23% of energy consumption in 2020. Due to the intermittent nature of most of them, the unused energy must be stored for later redistribution. Underground storage allows good isolation from the surface and storage of large volumes under high pressure. We know how to store hydrocarbons underground but it is planned to store other products in the form of chemical energy (hydrogen, biomethane), potential energy (compressed air, water in the context of pumping hydroelectricity energy storage) or thermal (hot / cold water). This will require the creation of cavities and/or the use of deep aquifers or depleted oil fields, depending on the geological characteristics. Hydrogen has a high energy capacity and its massive underground storage could be of national strategic interest, unlike other types of energy storage that would be more of local interest. However, challenges related to the technological risks of this specific gas will have to be overcome. Although experience feedback gained from the numerous underground hydrocarbon (and some hydrogen) storage facilities is very useful when assessing industrial risks, thorough research and risk assessment is needed to make such a technology safeLa loi de 2015 sur la transition énergétique vise à porter la part des énergies renouvelables à 23 % de la consommation d’énergie en 2020, ce qui représente environ 350 TWh. Du fait du caractère intermittent de certaines d’entre elles, il sera nécessaire de stocker l’énergie non consommée lors de pics de production pour la redistribuer ultérieurement. Compte tenu des volumes de stockage nécessaires, le milieu souterrain peut être attrayant pour stocker de grandes quantités d’énergie avec un moindre impact en surfac