HAL-INERIS
Not a member yet
8807 research outputs found
Sort by
Vers un meilleur suivi spatial des usages de produits phytosanitaires à partir de la BNV-d
No full textVers un meilleur suivi spatial des usages de produits phytosanitaires à partir de la BNV-d. Colloque « Les inégalités socio-environnementales de santé . Pour une approche interdisciplinaire
Insights on the conceptual and operational distinctions between risk, resilience and sustainability
No full textInternational audienc
Comportement mécanique des massifs rocheux dans les mines profondes : surveillance in situ et modélisation numérique pour l’amélioration de l'évaluation de l'aléa sismique
No full textWith the aim of better understanding interactions between stress modifications induced by mining and the generation of seismic activity, a deep area of Garpenberg mine (Sweden) was instrumented by Ineris with microseismic probes and geotechnical cells. Spatiotemporal analysis of recorded seismicity between 2015 and 2016, as well as seismic source parameters, have highlighted two types of seismic rock mass responses: one local and temporally short directly induced by production blasts, the other long-lasting over time and remote from excavations being mainly controlled by geological heterogeneities. Geotechnical data analysis showed the occurrence of aseismic deformations, as well as creep phenomena induced by mining exploitation. In addition, seismic activity decays proportional to the decaying rate of measured strains. This latter observation implies that creep may be another mechanism driving seismicity, in addition to the immediate stress change induced by blasting. In the last part of this thesis, a 3D elasto-plastic geomechanical model has been realized and its results have been compared with geophysical data. This comparison showed that mine-wide numerical models can be suitable for the analysis of mining induced seismicity at large-scale. However, there are some aspects of the induced seismicity that the model cannot fully explain. This is particularly true for remote seismicity occurring at a distance from excavations, while better correlations are found when considering seismicity close to production areas. Results of this thesis demonstrated that a combined approach which associates seismic and geotechnical data with numerical modelling can significantly improve our understanding of the rock mass response to mining. The combination of these methodologies in an integrated approach can significantly reduce their straightforward limitations, which appears evident when these instruments are considered separately.Afin de mieux comprendre les interactions entre les modifications des contraintes induites par l'exploitation minière et la génération d'activité sismique, une zone profonde de la mine de Garpenberg (Suède) a été instrumentée par l’Ineris avec de sondes microsismiques et de cellules géotechniques. L’analyse spatio-temporelle des événements microsismiques enregistrés entre 2015 et 2016, ainsi que leurs paramètres à la source, ont mis en évidence deux types de réponses sismiques : une locale et courte dans le temps directement induite par les tirs de production, l’autre plus persistante et distante des excavations étant principalement contrôlée par des hétérogénéités géologiques. L’analyse des données géotechniques a montrée l’occurrence de déformations asismiques, ainsi que de phénomènes de fluage induits par l’exploitation. De plus l'activité sismique décroît proportionnellement au taux de diminution des déformations mesurées. Cette dernière observation implique que le fluage peut être un autre mécanisme menant à la sismicité, s’ajoutant au changement de contrainte immédiat induit par les tirs de production. Dans la dernière partie de cette thèse, un modèle géomécanique élasto-plastique 3D a été réalisé et ses résultats ont été comparés aux données géophysiques. Cette comparaison a montré que les modèles numériques à l'échelle de la mine peuvent être des outils puissants pour étudier la sismicité induite à grande échelle. Cependant, il y a certains aspects de la sismicité induite que le modèle ne peut expliquer entièrement. Cela est le cas pour la sismicité déclenchée à distance des excavations, alors que de meilleures corrélations sont trouvées lorsque l'on considère la sismicité à proximité des zones de production. Les résultats de cette thèse ont démontré qu'une approche combinée associent les données sismiques et géotechniques à la modélisation numérique peut améliorer considérablement notre compréhension de la réponse des massifs rocheux à l'exploitation minière. La combinaison de ces méthodologies dans une approche intégrée peut réduire considérablement leurs limites explicites qui sont évidents lorsque ces instruments sont considérés séparément
Adaptation of three atmospheric dispersion models for jack rabbit ii case study and comparisons with observations : lessons for predictive modelling around industrial sites
No full textInternational audienceChlorine release trials were conducted at the Dugway Proving Ground in Utah, during the Jack Rabbit II trials. An interesting database of emissions and dispersion of pressurized liquefied chlorine was set up. This database allows to make comparisons between atmospheric dispersion modelling and large-scale observations about toxic massive releases (up to 10 ton). In this work, three test cases (2 trials free of obstacles and an obstructed environment) were studied on purpose for a model inter-comparison study. INERIS modelled these cases with three atmospheric dispersion models: the open source SLAB code, the commonly used PHAST software (commercial licence) and the 3D code FDS (Fire Dynamic Simulator). This paper focuses on the adaptation of the models and comparisons with observations in the near-field for CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) modelling and large field (up to 10 km) for other models. Discussions about harmonization of practices between models and practices for toxic consequences assessment around industrial sites are also proposed. Indeed, a massive release of pressurized liquefied material could generate complex phenomena around the release location: jet under pressure, rain-out, cooling, etc. For each of these atmospheric dispersion models, the source term can be set up in various ways depending on its level of complexity. A similar discussion is proposed about the unsteady meteorological flow that cannot be assessed by the simplest models
Hydro-mechanical modeling of granular soils considering internal erosion
No full textInternational audienc
New QSPR Models to Predict the Flammability of Binary Liquid Mixtures
No full textInternational audienceNew Quantitative Structure‐Property Relationships (QSPR) are presented to predict the flash point of binary liquid mixtures, based on more than 600 experimental flash points for 60 binary mixtures. Two models are proposed based on a GA‐MLR approach that uses a genetic algorithm (GA) variable selection in multilinear regressions (MLR). In these models, mixtures were characterized by a series of mixture descriptors calculated from various mixture formula combining the molecular descriptors of the single compounds constituting the mixtures and their respective molar fractions in the mixture. The best model demonstrated good predictive capabilities with a mean absolute error of only 7.3 °C estimated for an external validation set. Moreover, this model is focused on mixture descriptors applicable to more complex mixtures, i. e. constituted of more than 2 components, and already demonstrated interesting predictions for a series of ternary mixtures
Further insight into the gas flame acceleration mechanisms in pipes. Part I : Experimental work
No full textInternational audienceSome years ago, one of the authors (Proust, 2015) published the conclusions of a rather large experimental work devoted to the gas flame acceleration down a long pipe. It was concluded that the flame propagation could be represented by a constantly accelerating piston. The acceleration parameter seems to be primarily linked to the expansion velocity of the burnt product. Other parameters seemed of secondary importance questioning in particular the respective roles of the turbulence of the flame and of the instabilities. Further experiments were performed using perfectly smooth and rough tubes (Fig. 1), varying the diameter of the pipe (150 and 250 mm) and the reactivity of the mixtures (methane-air and hydrogen air at various equivalence ratios). The smooth pipe is transparent enabling a direct visualization of the flame during the flame propagation and a refined resolution of the flame trajectory (in the steel pipes standard flame sensors were used). The pressure was measured at various locations but also the flow velocities in the boundary to try and detect any turbulence development. Only homogeneous and quiescent mixtures were studied and the flame was propagated from a closed ignition end toward the other open end. The results of the parametric study are presented in this paper
Investigating the interaction between melamine and cyanuric acid using a Physiologically-Based Toxicokinetic model in rainbow trout
No full textInternational audienceFollowing outbreaks of feed and food adulterations with a melamine and cyanuric acid mixture in 2007 and melamine in 2008 respectively, the kinetics and toxicodynamics of the mixture have been investigated particularly in sensitive species such as the rainbow trout. Tissue concentrations and intensity of the adverse effect, melamine-cyanurate crystal formation in kidney, were reported in similar experimental conditions. Here, a recent PBTK model for rainbow trout has been applied to model the kinetics of both single compounds based on residue levels in tissues. Both PBTK models for the single compounds were combined and a model of crystal formation for the mixture melamine-cyanuric acid was also added to predict the intensity of crystal formation under the assumptions that crystals formed either in urine or in kidney tissue. Modelling the kinetics of melamine and cyanuric acid provided a better understanding and prediction of intensity of crystal formation in case of sequential exposures with varying intensity or co-exposure. This study demonstrates, for the first time, how fish PBTK models can play a key role in the understanding and prediction of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of mixtures. This study also illustrates how adverse effects may potentially occur even when the compounds are not administered together as a mixture
Safety as strategy : Mistakes, failures and fiascos in high-risk systems
No full textInternational audienceThe aim of this article is to explore the contribution of powerful actors of organisations to the construction of safety in high-risk systems. Accident investigation reports and empirical research of daily operations of high-risk systems have targeted organisational issues since the 1990s. However, although one observes in safety research a group of disciplines contributing to advance knowledge in this direction, such as sociology, management or political science, nothing much is available in the field of strategy. Yet, the argument of this article is that it is useful to also frame the study of safety and accident from a strategic angle of analysis. In a first section, safety research is briefly introduced, then in a second section the field of strategy is explored, including studies of strategic failures. Reasons for the relative absence of an interest in the relation between strategy and safety are advanced and argued. It is believed that there is a need to advance our knowledge on the topic of safety from the point of view of the psychology and sociology of executives and top managers, particularly in relation to strategy. In a last section, illustrations of how strategic decision making matters tremendously for our understanding of safety are introduced and discussed. Outlines of a research agenda are described. Overall, this article proposes to reformulate the notion of ‘latent causes’ of disasters as various degrees of strategic breakdown
Installation of a thermal energy storage site in an abandoned mine in Picardy (France). Part 1 : Selection criteria and equipment of the experimental site
No full textInternational audienceAssessment of spatio-temporal variability in groundwater storage (GWS) is critical for effective water resource planning and management with rational groundwater use. Haean Basin comprising 64 km2 area, mainly depends on groundwater for agricultural, domestic and other water uses. For quantification of GWS variability, sufficient field-based hydrological data of the ongoing decade (2011–2017) were interpolated in ArcGIS, to give reliable results. Despite satellite remote sensing having advantages in the field of hydrology, the limitation of accessibility at larger spatial resolution (~ 200,000 km2) is making it non-applicable for fine-scale observations. From the surface area, saturated thickness and specific yield of aquifer, a decline of 33 million cubic meters in GWS volume was indicated from 230 to 197 during the observed 6 years. An observable drop (4.6 m) in the mean water level due to increased water use (0.49 MCM) during this decade is responsible for the change in the mean groundwater level. A changing water level can change the surface area and saturated thickness of aquifer that have a positive correlation with GWS, and act as main controlling factors for GWS change. An annual recharge of 0.14 m to the total amount of GWS is near negligible, considering the long-term sustainability of groundwater resource. A shift towards more use of surface water, and limited drilling of groundwater wells is recommended for rational water use. The findings of this study will provide basic knowledge for relating studies, specifically which are based on small (local) scale distribution of groundwater resource