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Caractérisation de l’exposition aux produits phytosanitaires : vers une meilleure complémentarité des approches
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Modelling BPA effects on the three-spined stickleback population dynamics in mesocosms to better understand the populational effects
No full textInternational audienceBisphenol A, a well-known endocrine-disrupting chemical, is ubiquitously present in an aquatic environment. Its impacts at populational level on three-spined sticklebacks have been studied in a long-term mesocosm experiment at low-dose BPA, however the causes explaining the observed effects have remained unclear. Here, we used an individual-based model coupled to a Dynamic Energy Budget model for (i) assessing the potential of modelling to predict impacts on population viability from organism ecotoxicological endpoints and (ii) provide insights on the mechanisms of BPA toxicity in the artificial streams. To do that, both direct and indirect effects of BPA on three-spined sticklebacks were incorporated in the model. BPA impacts on the physiological processes of fish have been identified based on literature data and effects on stickleback preys have been t into account using sampling data from exposed mesocosms. Simulations were made with the model integrating dose-responses only calibrated on literature data to assess the predictive capacity of the model. Then, simulations were made with a re-calibration of the toxic parameters on the populational data to better understand the observed BPA impacts found in mesocosms. Results showed that direct BPA effects on fish (impacts on gonad formation, growth, male reproductive behavior, eggs and larvae survival) mostly explained the three-spined stickleback population structure in mesocosms, but indirect effects were not negligible. Hence, this study showed the potential of modelling in risk assessment to predict the impacts on the fish population viability from behavioural and physiological effects measured on organism in controlled conditions
A multi-band body-worn distributed exposure meter for personal radio-frequency dosimetry in diffuse indoor environments
No full textInternational audienceA multi-band body-worn distributed exposure meter (BWDM) is designed and calibrated for diffuse fields in a reverberation chamber (RC) for personal exposure assessment in indoor environments. The BWDM uses 22 nodes distributed over the torso and measures the incident power density (Sinc) on body for 11 telecommunication bands in the frequency range 790-5513 MHz. In order to calibrate the measurement device in diffuse fields, a protocol is proposed for on-body calibration of the BWDM. This protocol is applicable to wearable personal exposure meters in general. The BWDM and the proposed calibration protocol are validated in five indoor locations and five frequency bands (the downlink bands at 800, 900, 1800 and 2100 MHz and WiFi 2 GHz) using a tri-axial broadband antenna and a spectrum analyzer (SA). The calibration shows that the BWDM has a relatively low measurement uncertainty with a 68% confidence interval on its antenna apertures, in the range 3.4-5.5 dB. A maximum difference of 0.9 dB is obtained for the total exposure in the test areas between the measurements of the BWDM and SA, which is an excellent agreement
SSH-aerosol : a state-of-the art model to simulate gas/particle partitioning
No full textInternational audienceSSH-aerosol models aerosol formation from gaseous precursors and its evolution. It can simulate the mass of aerosols, the partitioning of semi-volatile compounds as well as the mixing-state and number concentrations of particles. It is designed to be easily implemented in 3D Eulerian models, such as air-quality models, or to be used as a box model to estimate the formation of secondary aerosols (gas and particle phases). It takes into account known phenomena involved in the formation of aerosols. The model is modular and the user can choose the complexity required (the physical and chemical processes taken into account). The model will be distributed in fall 2019. The model is based on the merge of 3 state-of-the-art models: SCRAM, SOAP and SSH..
Bursting test of a silicon carbide micro reactor
No full textInternational audienceThis document describes and presents the results of a pneumatic bursting test of a CORNING AFR® G4 industrial silicon carbon reactor performed at INERIS in France. The reactor burst beyond 150 bar, well above its design pressure of 18 bar. The kinetic energy of fragments ejected during the bursting and the pressure effects were measured. The observed effects are below the minimum levels of significant injury for human body
Post-mining risk management: lessons learnt from the microseismic monitoring of flooded iron-ore mines (Lorraine - France)
No full textInternational audienceThe closure of mines has increased significantly since the last century and significant environmental problems can affect public safety and the sustainable development of the mining regions. These underground mines, are usually totally or partially flooded after mining shutdowns. The rock mass equilibrium is thus modified in an irreversible way and can produce geohazards like seismicity, subsidence, collapse, heaving ... In France in the Lorraine region, decades of iron-ore mining from 1850 to 1997 have left vast underground cavities (40 000 km of galleries, 500 000 000 m3 of void) beneath or near urban areas. Several major collapses occurred in the southern part of this iron-ore basin in the 1990s, after the mine closure and the flooding of underground mine workings with serious damages to structures and infrastructures. Following these large-scale collapses, the French government initiated a strategy of post-mining risk management to prevent and control risks associated with these ground collapses. The high-risk zones are secured by reducing the vulnerability while the moderate risk zones are monitored for public safety purposes by using in situ monitoring. This monitoring relies mainly on real-time microseismic systems, to detect precursors to a rapid large-scale collapse. Data recorded are processing automatically and may generate alarm in case of abnormal evolution. Local authorities are informed, and evacuation can be triggered in case of danger for public safety. After the progressive closing and then flooding of the northern iron basin ending in 2008, subsidence was observed in a town of the Lorrain basin in fall 2009. However, this local subsidence, with a low velocity of few centimeters per month, was not clearly detected by the borehole microseismic monitoring station located nearby. Only few microseismic events were recorded, which could not be unambiguously related to the beginning of the subsidence event. To better understand this lack of microseismic precursor, a geophysical investigation was launched. A calibration blast experiment was carried out from a remaining old underground access to characterise the wave propagation properties in this context. The results of this study show strong anelastic attenuation of the seismic waves (Q = 15 +- 5 on a frequency band ranging between 10 and 250 Hz for P wave) through the monitored overburden most likely related to the extensive fault system intersecting the study site. Moreover, robbed pillar extraction and flooding of the site may have induced a reduction of the mechanical properties of the overburden. These observations, added to a slow kinetics subsidence mechanism ( cm/months) with little seismic energy release, may explain the lack of detected microseismicity during the subsidence event. In addition, low frequency microseismic events associated with the very slow subsiding movements might have not been detected by the used high frequency recording instruments, designed initially for rapid collapses ( cm/hours). Following this experiment, a differential GPS was installed as well as inclinometers on the site to follow this progressive subsidence. Note that this slow subsidence does not presents any danger for public safety
De nouvelles règles de mise en œuvre des contrôles réglementaires et des contrôles QAL2 ou AST
No full textInternational audienceLes performances des systèmes de mesurage automatiques pour l’autosurveillance (AMS) ou des méthodes de référence (SRM), est caractérisée principalement par l’incertitude de mesure que l’on peut associer à un résultat de mesurage. Deux modes d’estimation de l’incertitude de mesure sont aujourd’hui mis en œuvre. Il apparait que la première approche, dite approche GUM, qui se base uniquement sur les caractéristiques métrologiques du système de mesurage conduit à des résultats sous-estimés par rapport à la seconde approche basée sur les résultats d’essais interlaboratoires où le facteur « mise en œuvre de la méthode » apparait comme un contributeur majeur de l’incertitude de mesure. Ainsi par exemple, la norme européenne pour la détermination de la concentration en masse de poussières (EN 13284-1), fait apparaître des incertitudes maximales de 30 % avec l’approche GUM à 10 mg/m03, alors que les essais de terrain auxquels ont participé 4 laboratoires, conduisent à une incertitude élargie de l’ordre de 50 %..