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Sources contribution to the oxidative potential of PM<sub>10</sub> at 15 French sites.
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Modelling the effect of season, sex, and body size on the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, cellular innate immunomarkers: A proposition of laboratory reference ranges
No full textInternational audienceInnate immunomarkers reflect both environmental contamination and fish health status, providing useful information in environmental risk assessment studies. Nevertheless, the lack of knowledge about the effect of confounding factors can lead to data misinterpretation and false diagnoses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of three confounding factors (season, sex and body size) on three-spined stickleback innate immunomarkers in laboratory conditions. Results shown strong seasonal variations in stickleback innate immunomarkers, with higher immune capacities in late winter-early spring and a disturbance during the spawning period in late spring-summer. Sex and body size had a season dependant effect on almost all tested immunomarkers. Reference ranges were established in laboratory-controlled conditions (i.e. laboratory reference ranges) and compared with data obtained from in vivo chemical expositions. The predictive power of the statistical model depended on the immunomarker, but the control data of the in vivo experiments, realized in same laboratory conditions, were globally well include in the laboratory reference ranges. Moreover, some statistical effects of the in vivo exposures were correlated with an augmentation of values outside the reference ranges, indicating a possible harmful effect for the organisms. As confounding factors influence is a major limit to integrate immunomarkers in biomonitoring programs, modelling their influence on studied parameter may help to better evaluated environmental contaminations
Six-year source apportionment of submicron organic aerosols from near-continuous highly time-resolved measurements at SIRTA (Paris area, France)
No full textInternational audienceOrganic aerosol (OA) particles are recognized as key factors influencing air quality and climate change. However, highly time-resolved long-term characterizations of their composition and sources in ambient air are still very limited due to challenging continuous observations. Here, we present an analysis of long-term variability of submicron OA using the combination of an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) and a multiwavelength Aethalometer from November 2011 to March 2018 at a peri-urban background site of the Paris region (France). Source apportionment of OA was achieved via partially constrained positive matrix fac-torization (PMF) using the multilinear engine (ME-2). Two primary OA (POA) and two oxygenated OA (OOA) factors were identified and quantified over the entire studied period. POA factors were designated as hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA) and biomass burning OA (BBOA). The latter factor presented a significant seasonality with higher concentrations in winter with significant monthly contributions to OA (18 %-33 %) due to enhanced residential wood burning emissions. HOA mainly originated from traffic emissions but was also influenced by biomass burning in cold periods. OOA factors were distinguished between their less-and more-oxidized fractions (LO-OOA and MO-OOA, respectively). These factors presented distinct seasonal patterns, associated with different atmospheric formation pathways. A pronounced increase in LO-OOA concentrations and contributions (50 %-66 %) was observed in summer, which may be mainly explained by secondary OA (SOA) formation processes involving biogenic gaseous precursors. Conversely, high concentrations and OA contributions (32 %-62 %) of MO-OOA during winter and spring seasons were partly associated with anthropogenic emissions and/or long-range transport from northeastern Eu-rope. The contribution of the different OA factors as a function of OA mass loading highlighted the dominant roles of POA during pollution episodes in fall and winter and of SOA for highest springtime and summertime OA concentrations. Finally, long-term trend analyses indicated a decreasing feature (of about −175 ng m −3 yr −1) for MO-OOA, very limited or insignificant decreasing trends for primary anthropogenic carbonaceous aerosols (BBOA and HOA, along with the fossil-fuel and biomass-burning black carbon components) and no statistically significant trend for LO-OOA over the 6-year investigated period
La pollution atmosphérique et ses effets sur la santé respiratoire en France. Document d’experts du Groupe Pathologies pulmonaires professionnelles environnementales et iatrogéniques (PAPPEI) de la Société de pneumologie de langue française (SPLF)
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Modified bauxite residue as filter material to upgrade phosphorus removal in small wastewater treatment plants
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Evaluation des risques pour l'opérateur au cours d'essais d'explosivité de nanopoudres en laboratoire
No full textInternational audienceA qualitative risk assessment was performed by control banding with CB Nanotool and StoffenManager Nano during explosiveness testing of carbon black and MWCNT. Exposure of the operator was also measured. The results enabled to highlight a few sources of nanomaterials emission during the tests. It led also to the finding that the dynamic barrier provided by the local exhaust ventilation system can be temporarily weakened during overpressure events. Comparison of the measurements with the risk assessment results enabled to assess the relevance of the two control banding tools.Une évaluation qualitative des risques a été réalisée par control banding avec CB Nanotool et StoffenManager Nano au cours d'essais d'explosivité de nanopoudres carbonées. L'exposition de l'opérateur a également été mesurée. Les résultats ont permis d'identifier quelques sources potentielles d'émission de NMx. Ils ont aussi montré que la barrière dynamique générée par l'aspiration de la sorbonne pouvait être temporairement affaiblie lors de la dépressurisation de la sphère. La comparaison des risques estimés avec les mesures a permis d'évaluer la pertinence des deux outils d'évaluation graduée des risques utilisés
How safety culture can make us think
No full textInternational audienceSafety Culture has now been for almost three decades a highly promoted, advocated and debated but contentious notion. This article argues first that one needs to differentiate between two waves of studies, debates, controversies and positions. A first one roughly from the late 1980s/early 1990s to mid-2000s which brought an important distinction between interpretive and functionalist views of safety culture, then a second wave, from mid-2000s to nowadays which brings additional and alternative positions among authors. Four views, some more radical and critical, some more neutral and some more enthusiastic about safety culture are differentiated in this article. It is contended that this evolution of the debate, this second wave of studies, should be understood within a broader historical and social context. It is characterised, borrowing insights from management studies, by patterns of interactions between academics, publishers, consultants, regulators and industries. In this context, safety culture appears in a new light, as a product among other (albeit a central one) of a safety field (and market) which is socially structured by this diversity of actors. This helps sensitise, first, the second wave of studies, debates, controversies and positions on safety culture of the past 15 years as identified in this article. Second, approaching safety culture through this angle is an opportunity to questions safety research more globally and, third, an occasion to pinpoint some of the currently unproblematised network properties of high-risk sociotechnical systems
Modelling population dynamics in mesocosms using an individual-based model coupled to a bioenergetics model
No full textInternational audienceDeveloping population models is of great interest as these models enable to extrapolate toxicity observed at the molecular or individual levels to the population level, and thus improve environmental risk assessment of chemical substances. For this purpose, accounting for natural variations of environmental conditions and prey dynamics along with the chemical stress is needed. In this study, an individual-based model (IBM) coupled to a Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) model was developed in order to predict three-spined stickleback population dynamics in semi-controlled stream experiments (in mesocosms). Datasets obtained in mesocosms offer the opportunity to develop and evaluate the model predictions. The most sensitive parameters of the DEB-IBM were identified by sensitivity analyses and were calibrated based on data from two independent mesocosm experiments. The predictive capacities of our model were subsequently evaluated using three independent mesocosm datasets under different environmental scenarios. Finally, our model was applied to a theoretical case of toxic effects to show an example of application of the model in a regulatory context. While the most uncertain population processes (in particular, competition for food in mesocosms) in our three-spined stickleback DEB-IBM could be modelled more accurately, our model can already serve to assess the impacts of toxicants at the population level by improving the analyses of mesocosm experiments, in decreasing the uncertainty of the experimental results. Therefore, in a second step, it could be used to predict the consequences on viability of a population exposed to a contaminant under various environmental and exposure scenarios
Sensitivity of the predictability of chemical equilibrium software to the choice of the products
No full textInternational audienceOver the past few decades, researchers have been developing tools to predict chemical reactions to aid the growing field of industrial chemistry. Currently, a large variety of numerical tools are used to predict the final chemical equilibrium based on the minimization of the Gibbs free energy. Due to the mathematical complexity of this problem, numerical methods were developed to solve this problem. These methods were reviewed in another study (CIRCE, A New Software to Predict the Steady State Equilibrium of Chemical Reactions. Comput. Chem. Eng 2018, submitted for publication) exhibiting their limitations and proposing an alternative. In this study, the sensitivity of the prediction to the choice of the most likely products is investigated. In this work, the impact of an improper choice of the final product is investigated showing a first order influence when a product is missing. A method is devised to generate automatically an exhaustive list of final products. Another method is proposed to select in this list those products likely to appear depending on the temperature of the reaction. The method is illustrated on the example of the pyrolysis of ethanol
Impact of confinement and food access restriction on the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus, L.) during caging: a multi-biomarker approach
No full textInternational audienceCaging is an active biomonitoring strategy that employs a sentinel species, sometimes a species naturally absent from the studied site, in the surveillance of water bodies to verify whether biota may be at risk. The main advantage of caging is the possibility to standardize several biotic and abiotic parameters. However, little knowledge is available about the effects of confinement on physiology and metabolism of caged organisms. The aim of this study is to characterize confinement and food access restriction effects, induced via caging experiments using a multi-biomarker approach (biometric data, immunity, antioxidant, metabolic detoxication, and digestive enzymes). The study has been undertaken using the same experiment conducted in ecosystem conditions using three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) during two different periods: one in April, corresponding to breeding season, and the other in October, outside breeding season. Fifteen fish were maintained for 21 days in different conditions (caged or uncaged and with or without food supply). The main result was that confinement stress had little impact on the biological markers of sticklebacks. However, the stressors seemed to increase the negative effects of food restriction on these biomarkers, when sticklebacks needed more energy, that is, during their breeding period. Outside breeding period, most investigated biomarkers were not impacted by caging. This study showed a way to specify the conditions of application and interpretation of biomarkers during active monitoring to ensure an effective, reliable diagnosis of water body quality