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Sinkhole post-mining risks: the French methodology
No full textInternational audienceEvery year, around 20 sinkholes occur in France above former mining galleries or works. Some of thosesinkholes significantly impacted buildings and jeopardised public safety.As part of a risk prevention strategy falling under the responsibility of the French national authorities, thepublic institution GEODERIS, which is in charge of the post‐mining risk expertise, has developed andimplemented, for over the past decade, a methodology to assess and map sinkhole hazards and risks.This approach focuses on assessing the building fragility subjected to sinkhole hazards.The methodology was developed in collaboration with the Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB),the public institution in charge of research and development in this field and is based on a representativesample of 210 buildings across various French cities. Seven building types and five categories of load‐bearingstructures were first identified. Owing to analytical simulations of a load‐bearing structure behavioursubjected to sinkholes of increasing diameters, a damage curve was derived. The risk level is assessedaccording to the expected damage building percentage relative to the expected sinkhole’s surface area.Between 2012 and 2015, around 3,000 buildings located in sinkhole hazard zones across French territory werelisted. This method made it possible to eliminate the safety risks for half of these buildings. Mining worksunder buildings rated at medium‐risk or high‐risk are nowadays either being monitored or have been secured.The proposed methodology discriminates between situations that could impact buildings from those thatcould jeopardise public safety. It provides to the authorities in charge of post‐mining risks prevention acoherent approach for optimal decision‐making
Bioaccessibilité des polluants organiques persistants du sol : enjeux, expérimentations et finalités
No full textInternational audienceLe projet BORG (Bioaccessibilité des polluants organiques) vise à améliorer l'évaluation de la biodisponibilité relative (BDR) des polluants organiques (PO) dans les sols contaminés en développant et en validant des essais de bioaccessibilité (BA). Peu d'essais in vitro sont actuellement corrélés aux mesures in vivo, compliquant l'évaluation des risques sanitaires pour l'interprétation de l'état des milieux (IEM) ou les plans de gestion. BORG se concentre sur les sols multi-contaminés par des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP), des polychlorobiphényles (PCB), de la chlordécone (CLD) et des substances perfluoroalkylées (PFAS). Ces PO sont particulièrement préoccupants en raison de leur persistance dans l'environnement et de leurs effets potentiels sur la santé humaine. Ces sols sont sélectionnés selon leurs caractéristiques physico-chimiques et les résultats des essais de BA réalisés in vitro. Les sols avec les variations de BA les plus larges sont utilisés pour des corrélations avec des données in vivo, obtenues via un modèle porcelet. Le projet optimise également les protocoles de BA en intégrant les résultats dans les équations de risque pour une évaluation précise de l'exposition humaine. BORG développera un outil d'aide à la décision pour les gestionnaires et mènera des expérimentations pour évaluer les transferts de contaminants vers les plantes et les animaux, soutenant le concept One Health pour les sols contaminés par des PO
Numerical Modelling Of The Behaviour Of Walls And Doors Of 20 Ft ISO Containers Through Real-Scale Explosion Tests
No full textInternational audienceISO containers are more and more used to shelter processes involving a potential explosion risk such as BatteryEnergy Storage Systems or hydrogen-based systems. With such systems, the containment can potentially leadto a risk of accumulation of flammable gases, which can result in explosions. An important part of the modellingstrategy for predicting residual pressure effects of an internal explosion in an ISO container is the knowledge ofthe mechanical resistance of this structure subjected to blast load. In this context Ineris carried out hydrogenexplosions tests in 20-foot ISO containers. The purpose was to collect comprehensive measurements relatedto the mechanical behaviour of the doors and walls. These complement other tests in the literature (Atanga etal., 2019) which have focused mainly on the explosion pressure inside the container. In parallel Ineris havedeveloped a specific finite element numerical model using LS-DYNA software capable of predicting thedynamics response of a container – walls and doors – subjected to an internal explosion.The paper details the description of the numerical model and focuses on the comparison between simulationsand tests in terms of displacements, strain and stresses levels as well as failure modes and opening time of thedoor
Relargage des PFAS dans les sols et les eaux souterraines
No full textInternational audienceCes travaux portent sur l’étude du relargage et du transfert des substances per et polyfluoroalkylées (PFAS) dans les sols et les eaux souterraines. Ces substances, présentes dans de nombreux produits industriels de consommation courante, sont persistantes et ubiquitaires dans l’environnement, et sont toxiques pour l’Homme. En 2023, un plan d'action ministériel sur les PFAS a été mis en place pour améliorer la compréhension des émissions de ces polluants et de leur présence dans l'environnement, en particulier dans les milieux aquatiques, afin de réduire l'exposition des populations. En 2024, ce plan a été intégré dans un plan d'action interministériel, pour structurer les actions en réponse aux préoccupations grandissantes concernant les impacts des PFAS sur la santé humaine et la biodiversité. Ces travaux visent à acquérir des connaissances scientifiques sur le comportement des PFAS dans les sols, en se concentrant sur la détermination des mécanismes et des paramètres principaux régissant le relargage et le transfert des PFAS dans les zones saturées et non saturées du sol
Potagers urbains et amendements: Gestion et challenges environnementaux et sanitaires
No full textInternational audienceL’étude visait à évaluer l’intérêt d’amendements organiques et minéraux pour gérer des sols de potagers urbains présentant des contaminations géogènes et/ou anthropiques. Il s’agissait plus spécifiquement d’évaluer le potentiel de ces amendements pour réduire de façon durable la phytodisponibilité des éléments en trace ainsi que l’exposition des jardiniers et de leur famille via l’ingestion de particules de terre ou de légumes autoproduits et les risques sanitaires associés. Pour déterminer l’intérêt global de l’utilisation des 10 amendements testés, leur impact a été évalué sur des aspects environnementaux, agronomiques et d’exposition humaine. L’étude, réalisée sur trois jardins urbains, a montré que chaque situation est unique et qu’une étude spécifique, de l’expérimentation en pots jusqu’au sol en place, est nécessaire afin de sélectionner un amendement adéquat au contexte pédo-géo-climatique du jardin. Cette démarche a été plutôt concluante avec l’apport de compost pour le site présentant principalement une contamination en As et Pb d’origine géogène, mais reste toutefois limitée car n’entraînant pas de réel bénéfice quant à la réduction des expositions et des risques sanitaires pour le jardinier. La démarche d’apporter un ou des amendements sur un site n’est pas opérationnelle pour l’instant et lorsqu’elle est mise en oeuvre, elle doit être réfléchie au cas par cas et selon un programme de surveillance de la qualité des végétaux sur plusieurs années
Risques Industriels Majeurs et Environnements - Défis pour les acteurs internes et externes
No full textInternational audienceCreators of wealth, innovation, jobs, at the heart of economic and even geopolitical reindustrialization issues, technological systems with major industrial risks are part of a social and natural environment that they modify and threaten, an environment that now threatens in return. Thus, global warming and associated extreme events are the most visible aspects of these new risks, while the social acceptability of industrial establishments is also being raised in a renewed way. Territory, crisis, work, laws, standards, organizations, businesses and the state are at the forefront of the questions addressed in a plural way in this book (geography, history, sociology, ergonomics, law, political science). By relying on the knowledge acquired, of which it offers an interdisciplinary assessment, these studies open up new avenues of investigation and action.Créateurs de richesse, d’innovation, d’emplois, au cœur d’enjeux de réindustrialisation, économiques voire géopolitiques, les systèmes technologiques à risques industriels majeurs s‘inscrivent dans un environnement social et naturel qu’ils modifient et menacent, un environnement qui les menace désormais en retour. Ainsi, le réchauffement climatique et les événements extrêmes associés sont les faces les plus visibles de ces nouveaux risques, quand l’acceptabilité sociale des implantations industrielles se pose aussi de manière renouvelée. Territoires, crises, travail, lois, normes, organisations, entreprises et Etat sont au premier plan des interrogations abordées de manière plurielle dans cet ouvrage (géographie, histoire, sociologie, ergonomie, droit, science politique). En s’appuyant sur les connaissances acquises, dont il propose un bilan interdisciplinaire, il ouvre de nouvelles voies d’investigation et d’action
Aerosol spectral optical properties in the Paris urban area and its peri-urban and forested surroundings during summer 2022 from ACROSS surface observations
No full textInternational audienceAbstract. The complex refractive index (CRI; n−ik) and the single scattering albedo (SSA) are key parameters driving the aerosol direct radiative effect. Their spatial, temporal, and spectral variabilities in anthropogenic–biogenic mixed environments are poorly understood. In this study, we retrieve the spectral CRI and SSA (370–950 nm wavelength range) from in situ surface optical measurements and the number size distribution of submicron aerosols at three sites in the greater Paris area, representative of the urban city, as well as its peri-urban and forested rural environments. Measurements were taken as part of the ACROSS (Atmospheric Chemistry of the Suburban Forest) campaign in June–July 2022 under diversified conditions: (1) two heatwaves leading to high aerosol levels, (2) an intermediate period with low aerosol concentrations, and (3) an episode of long-range-transported fire emissions. The retrieved CRI and SSA exhibit an urban-to-rural gradient, whose intensity is modulated by the weather conditions. A full campaign average CRI of 1.41−0.037i (urban), 1.52−0.038i (peri-urban), and 1.50−0.025i (rural) is retrieved. The imaginary part of the CRI (k) increases and the SSA decreases at the peri-urban and forest sites when exposed to the influence of the Paris urban plume. Values of k > 0.1 and SSA < 0.6 at 520 nm are related to a black carbon mass fraction larger than 10 %. Organic aerosols are found to contribute to more than 50 % of the aerosol mass and up to 10 % (urban), 17 % (peri-urban), and 22 % (forest) of the aerosol absorption coefficient at 370 nm. A k value of 0.022 (370 nm) was measured at the urban site for the long-range-transported fire episode
The Future of Abandoned Shallow Mines as a Function of Precipitation Under Changing Climate
No full textInternational audienceThe paper discusses the future of abandoned underground mines and the main hazards related to their instability, specifically local and large collapses. A database of over 500 large collapses is presented. The analysis of these events reveals that the primary causes are the extraction ratio, ageing and climatic factors (such as heavy rain, and increasing water levels). Furthermore, a back analysis of a large-scale collapse, the Château-Landon collapse of 1910, showed that the collapse resulted from a combination of the mining conditions and slope instability climate factor, particularly the impact of rainfall on mine stability. In the case of Château-Landon, the water had two effects: it reduced the resistance of the chalk and decreased the shear strength of the fault crossing the slope. The back analysis and database contribute to a better understanding of mine collapses caused by mining conditions and the modification of climate conditions
Safety Aspects of Sodium-Ion Batteries: Prospective Analysis from First Generation Towards More Advanced Systems
No full textInternational audienceAfter an introductory reminder of safety concerns pertaining to early rechargeable battery technologies, this review discusses current understandings and challenges of advanced sodium-ion batteries. Sodium-ion technology is now being marketed by industrial promoters who are advocating its workable capacity, as well as its use of readily accessible and cheaper key cell components. Often claimed to be safer than lithium-ion cells, currently only limited scientifically sound safety assessments of sodium-ion cells have been performed. However, the predicted sodium-ion development roadmap reveals that significant variants of sodium-ion batteries have entered or will potentially enter the market soon. With recent experiences of lithium-ion battery failures, sodium-ion battery safety management will constitute a key aspect of successful market penetration. As such, this review discusses the safety issues of sodium-ion batteries, presenting a twofold innovative perspective: (i) in terms of comparison with the parent lithium-ion technology making use of the same working principle and similar flammable non-aqueous solvent basis, and (ii) anticipating the arrival of innovative sub-chemistries at least partially inspired from successive generations of lithium-ion cells. The authors hope that the analysis provided will assist concerned stakeholders in the quest for safe marketing of sodium-ion batteries.</div
Characterization of the combustion products of fluorinated compounds
No full textInternational audienceAn experimental study is performed to characterize the halogenated gases producedby the combustion of five fluorinated liquid compounds. For this purpose, a FPA calorimeter iscoupled with a FTIR spectrometer for the gas analysis. The characterization compares differentignition sources (horizontal and vertical injection to an acetone pool fire and pilot flame) byassessing the emission factors of HF, COF2 and the unreacted compound. The experimentaldata allowed establishing that the pilot flame mainly generates an insufficient decomposition ofthe compound due to an excessive evaporation rate. On the contrary, the ignition through thepool fire promotes the conversion of the fluorinated compound due to greater interactions withcombustion radicals. These interactions are affected by the position of the injection and mightinduce significant variations on the selectivity of the decomposition reactions