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Safer and stronger together? Effects of the agglomeration on nanopowders explosion
No full textInternational audienc
Sources of particulate-matter air pollution and its oxidative potential in Europe
No full textInternational audienceParticulate matter is a component of ambient air pollution that has been linked to millions of annual premature deaths globally1,2,3. Assessments of the chronic and acute effects of particulate matter on human health tend to be based on mass concentration, with particle size and composition also thought to play a part4. Oxidative potential has been suggested to be one of the many possible drivers of the acute health effects of particulate matter, but the link remains uncertain5,6,7,8. Studies investigating the particulate-matter components that manifest an oxidative activity have yielded conflicting results7. In consequence, there is still much to be learned about the sources of particulate matter that may control the oxidative potential concentration7. Here we use field observations and air-quality modelling to quantify the major primary and secondary sources of particulate matter and of oxidative potential in Europe. We find that secondary inorganic components, crustal material and secondary biogenic organic aerosols control the mass concentration of particulate matter. By contrast, oxidative potential concentration is associated mostly with anthropogenic sources, in particular with fine-mode secondary organic aerosols largely from residential biomass burning and coarse-mode metals from vehicular non-exhaust emissions. Our results suggest that mitigation strategies aimed at reducing the mass concentrations of particulate matter alone may not reduce the oxidative potential concentration. If the oxidative potential can be linked to major health impacts, it may be more effective to control specific sources of particulate matter rather than overall particulate mass
Fine aerosol chemical composition and sources in Europe using high-time resolution instrumentation
No full textInternational audienc
Travailler avec le tiers secteur: Études de cas des politiques d’ouverture à la société dans les instituts d’expertise et de leurs effets en France de 1990 à 2020.
No full textIn recent years, public decision making on health and environmental risks has experienced a number of crises and controversies which have highlighted a significant gap in the perception of risks by experts and society. In an attempt to reduce this gap and restore the credibility of the knowledge upon which the legitimacy of decisions rests, several public agencies have implemented so-called ‘’ openness to society ‘’ policies. While opening up has increased over the last ten years or so, it is inscribed in an older movement calling for the deconfinement of science. Indeed, social science research, particularly in the field of science and technology studies (STS), has shown that the co-definition of problems and solutions with stakeholders makes it possible to produce knowledge that is more legitimate, more adaptable in uncertainty contexts and more socially appropriable. Historically, collaborations between scientific institutions have mainly benefited large companies and public decision-makers, marginalizing many actors, including associations, trade unions and local and territorial authorities. This thesis problematizes the categories of actors and organizations to which risk evaluation opens up by proposing to put to the notion of "third sector expertise" the test as a notion with perimeters redefined by institutions, socio-technical problems and social mobilizations.This thesis focuses on the changes that this opening up to the third sector produces on the research work of agencies specializing in the assessment of health and environmental risks. More specifically, it focuses on transforming the meaning that experts and their managers give to their profession and to risk management. It addresses the meaning of "opening up to society" by combining a sociology of organizations approach with a sociology of science and technology approach that does justice to the importance of the socio-technical properties of the problems dealt with by these institutions. It proposes to consider the collaboration between expertise and the third sector as a frontier object, a theatre of social, epistemic and institutional intermediation that crystallizes the transformations of health and environmental risk management in France today. This approach leads to the following results. Opening up does not transform the experimental work of experts or the evaluation standards they use. In contrast, collaborations with the third sector have an impact on future research themes (more focused on hitherto invisible risks such as the interdependence of different categories of risk), how to communicate these risks (taking much more account of public opinion and the concerns of third sector organizations and the political issues of this diversity, by multiplying meetings with third sector organizations, by putting technical experts in an interface situation rather than senior managers) and the power of third sector organizations in institutions (by opening up pluralist deliberative bodies and systematizing their representation in other institutional governance bodies).La décision publique en matière de risques sanitaires et environnementaux a connu ces dernières années nombre de crises et controverses qui ont mis en lumière un décalage important de la perception des risques par les experts et par la société. Pour tenter de réduire cet écart et restaurer la crédibilité des connaissances sur laquelle se fonde la légitimité des décisions, plusieurs organismes publics d’expertise ont mis en place des politiques d’ouverture à la société. Si cette ouverture s’est amplifiée depuis une dizaine d’années, elle s’inscrit dans un mouvement plus ancien invitant au déconfinement de la science. En effet les recherches en sciences sociales, notamment dans le domaine des études des sciences et des techniques (STS), ont montré que la co-définition des problèmes et des solutions avec les parties prenantes permet de produire des connaissances plus légitimes, plus adaptables en contexte d’incertitude et plus appropriables par la société. Historiquement, les collaborations des établissements scientifiques se sont surtout faites au profit des grandes entreprises et des décideurs publics, marginalisant de nombreux acteurs, notamment associations, organisations syndicales, organisations de l’ESS, collectivités locales et territoriales. Cette thèse problématise les catégories d’acteurs et d’organisations auxquelles l’expertise scientifique s’ouvre en proposant de mettre à l’épreuve la notion de « tiers secteur de l’expertise » comme une notion aux périmètres redéfinis par les établissements, les problèmes socio-techniques et les mobilisations sociales Cette thèse s’intéresse aux transformations que cette ouverture au tiers secteur produit sur le travail de recherche des agences et des instituts d’expertise spécialisés dans l’évaluation des risques sanitaires et environnementaux. Plus précisément, elle porte sur la transformation du sens que les experts et leurs dirigeants donnent à leur métier et à la gestion des risques. Elle aborde le sens de « s’ouvrir à la société » en combinant une approche de sociologie des organisations et une approche de sociologie des sciences et des techniques qui rend justice à l’importance des propriétés socio-techniques des problèmes traités par ces établissements. Elle propose de considérer que les collaborations de l’expertise avec le tiers secteur sont un objet frontière, théâtre d’intermédiations sociales, épistémiques et institutionnelles qui cristallisent les transformations de la gestion des risques sanitaires et environnementaux en France aujourd’hui.Cette approche permet de dégager les résultats suivants. L’ouverture ne transforme pas le travail expérimental des experts ni les standards d’évaluation qu’ils utilisent. En revanche les collaborations avec le tiers secteur agissent sur les thématiques de recherche à venir (davantage orientées sur des risques jusqu’alors invisibilisés comme l’interdépendance des différentes catégories de risques), la manière de communiquer ces risques (en tenant beaucoup plus compte de l’opinion publique et des préoccupations des organisations du tiers secteur et des enjeux politiques de cette diversité (en faisant plus de réunions avec les organisations du tiers secteur et en mettant davantage des experts techniques en situation d’interface que des cadres dirigeants des établissements) et le pouvoir des organisations du tiers secteur dans les établissements (en ouvrant des instances de délibération pluralistes et en systématisant leur représentation dans les autres instances de gouvernance des établissements)
Synthesis of human exposure pathways to poly- and perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS) and current understanding of health effects
No full textInternational audienceThis summary* reviews the research literature on the sources and pathways of population exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The analysis of the epidemiological studies of this large family of substances shows a widely varying types of suspected toxicity (carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity, metabolism, etc.)
Targeting safe use of biomass residues in modern biorefinery platform : a focus on lignins
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QABINE 2 : Qualité de l’Air dans les haBItacles eN déplacEment, phase 2
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Corrosion potential of ionic liquids revisited in the context of energy transition
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Influence of chronic radiofrequency electromagnetic fields exposure on autonomic nervous activity during sleep in preterm neonates : preliminary results
No full textInternational audienceAutonomic nervous control during sleep play a key role in the maintenance of homeostasis in preterm neonates. Low-frequency electromagnetic (0-100 kHz) fields have been associated with alteration in such mechanisms. However, it has never been tested with high frequencies whereas preterm neonates are also chronically exposed to radiofrequencies (RF, 87.5 MHz – 5.8 GHz) while hospitalized. We investigated the influence of chronic RF exposure on autonomic nervous activity in sleeping preterm neonates..
Do alternative inventories converge on the spatiotemporal representation of spring ammonia emissions in France?
No full textInternational audienceAgriculture is the main source of ammonia (NH3) in France, an important gaseous precursor of atmospheric particulate matter (PM). National and even more global emission inventories are known to have difficulty representing the large spatial and temporal variability inherent to atmospheric NH3. In this study, we compare NH3 emissions in France during the spring 2011 from (i) one reference inventory, the TNO inventory, and two alternative inventories that account in different manners for both the spatial and temporal variabilities of the emissions (ii) the NH3SAT satellite-derived inventory based on IASI NH3 columns and (iii) the CADASTRE-CIT inventory that combines NH3 emissions due to nitrogen fertilization calculated with the mechanistic model VOLT'AIR on the database of the CADASTRE_NH3 framework and other source emissions from the CITEPA. The total spring budgets at the national level are higher when calculated with both alternative inventories than with the reference, the difference being more marked with CADASTRE-CIT. NH3SAT and CADASTRE-CIT inventories both yield to large NH3 emissions due to fertilization on soils with high pH in the northeastern part of France (65 kt NH3 and 135 kt NH3, respectively, vs 48 kt NH3 for TNO-GEN), while soil properties are not accounted for by the TNO-GEN methodology. For the other parts of France, the differences are smaller. The timing of fertilization and associated ammonia emissions is closely related to the nitrogen requirements and hence the phenological stage of the crops, and therefore tothe crop-year's specific weather conditions. Maximum emissions are observed in March for 2011 for some regions for both alternative inventories, while April is the period with maximum emissions for the reference inventory whatever the region or the year. Comparing the inventories at finer temporal resolutions, typically at daily scale, large differences are found. The convergence of alternative, independent and complementary methods on the spatiotemporal representation of the spring NH3 emissions particularly over areas where the contribution of mineral fertilizer spreading to the spring budget is strong, encouraging further developments in both prospected complementary directions, as this will help improving national NH3 emission inventories