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Transport maritime : quels impacts sur la qualité de l'air ?
No full textInternational audienceSelon les récentes estimations de l’Agence Européenne de l’Environnement, le transport maritime reste l’un des rares secteurs d’activité pour lequel les émissions de polluants atmosphériques n’ont pas diminué au cours des dernières décennies. Le développement du trafic international, mais aussi une certaine inertie dans l’adoption de stratégies ambitieuses de maitrise de ces émissions, expliquent cette situation. L’analyse de l’EEA souligne ainsi que les émissions d’oxydes d’azote (NOx) imputables au trafic maritime international ont augmenté de 26 % depuis 1990 et que ce secteur est désormais responsable de près d’un quart des émissions d’oxydes de soufre (SOx), alors que la plupart des secteurs d’activité « terrestres » (trafic routier, industrie, installations de combustion..) les a drastiquement réduites. D’après les travaux de l’IIASA (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis), au rythme actuel, les émissions maritimes d’oxydes d’azote dépasseront les émissions terrestres en 2050
Potentiel de valorisation de sites miniers et carriers en step en France et en Belgique
No full textInternational audiencePumped Hydro-Energy Storage (PHES) account for more than 97% of the world's electrical energy storage and cumulate approximately 170 GW of installed capacity. France and Belgium currently have 9 PHES with a total capacity of 6.3 GW, but there are no longer any new sites acceptable for conventional PHES as they require the excavation of two basins on the surface, and can only be installed in areas with a marked relief. Following the foreseeable demand for energy storage generated by the development of intermittent renewable energies, it is proposed to study the possibility of creating new non-conventional PHES using existing basins in abandoned mines or quarries. These may be surface or underground basins, the latter providing access to subterranean or semi-subterranean PHES technology (3S-PHES). This paper describes the potential of these new PHES technologies and the risks and impacts they are likely to generate. These risks concern first of all adjacent aquifers: hydromechanical disturbances (propagation of water level variations in the aquifer) and hydrochemical interactions (precipitation of carbonates and iron oxides). They also concern the ground surface with the possibility of ground movements or surface gas emissions. However, these are risks that have already been identified and controlled in the context of other underground activities.Les Stations de Transfert d'Energie par Pompage (STEP) représentent plus de 97 % des stockages d'énergie électrique dans le monde et totalisent environ 170 GW de puissance installée. La France et la Belgique disposent actuellement de 9 STEP d'une puissance totale de 6,3 GW mais il n'existe plus de nouveaux sites acceptables pour des STEP conventionnelles car ces dernières nécessitent le creusement de deux bassins en surface et ne peuvent être installées que dans des zones au relief marqué. Suite à la demande de stockage d'énergie engendrée par le développement des énergies renouvelables intermittentes, on aborde la possibilité de créer de nouvelles STEP non conventionnelles en utilisant les bassins existants dans des mines ou des carrières abandonnées ou en voie d'abandon. Il peut s'agir de bassins en surface ou en souterrain, ces derniers donnant accès à la technologie des STEP souterraines ou semi-souterraine (STEP-3S). On décrit ici le potentiel de ces nouvelles technologies de STEP ainsi que les risques et impacts qu'elles sont susceptibles d'engendrer : interactions hydromécaniques et hydrochimiques avec les aquifères adjacents, mouvements de terrain, émissions de gaz. Il s'agit de risques déjà identifiés et maîtrisés dans le cadre d'autres activités du sous-sol
High Resolution Chemistry Transport Modeling with the On-Line CHIMERE-WRF Model over the French Alps-Analysis of a Feedback of Surface Particulate Matter Concentrations on Mountain Meteorology
No full textInternational audienceAir pollution is of major concern throughout the world and the use of modeling tools to analyze and forecast the pollutant concentrations in complex orographic areas remains challenging. This work proposes an exhaustive framework to analyze the ability of models to simulate the air quality over the French Alps up to 1.2 km resolution over Grenoble and the Arve Valley. The on-line coupled suite of models CHIMERE-WRF is used in its recent version to analyze a 1 month episode in November-December 2013. As expected, an improved resolution increases the concentrations close to the emission areas and reduced the negative bias for Particulate Matter that is the usual weakness of air quality models. However, the nitrate concentrations seem overestimated with at the same time an overestimation of surface temperature in the morning by WRF. Different WRF settings found in the literature are tested to improve the results, particularly the ability of the meteorological model to simulate the strong thermal inversions in the morning. Wood burning is one of the main contributor of air pollution during the period ranging from 80 to 90% of the Organic Matter. The activation of the on-line coupling has a moderate impact on the background concentrations but surprisingly a change of Particulate Matter (PM) concentrations in the valley will affect more the meteorology nearby high altitude areas than in the valley. This phenomenon is the result of a chain of processes involving the radiative effects and the water vapor column gradients in complex orographic areas. At last, the model confirms that the surrounding glaciers are largely impacted by long range transport of desert dust. However, in wintertime some outbreaks of anthropogenic pollution from the valley when the synoptic situation changes can be advected up to the nearby high altitude areas, then deposited
Study of the Role of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2/Graphite Li-Ion Pouch Cells Confinement, Electrolyte Composition and Separator Coating on Thermal Runaway and Off-Gas Toxicity
No full textInternational audienceA reliable heating device coupled with a FTIR gas analyzer has been tailored with the aim of evaluating the role of state-of-the-art lithium-ion battery components and environmental conditions on thermal and toxic hazards. Here, we demonstrate its effectiveness in accurately assessing the role of fully charged 0.6 Ah pouch cells confinement, electrolyte composition and separator coating on heat release and toxic gas generation-related risks. The fire safety international standards developed by the ISO TC92 SC3 subcommittee were used to determine the asphyxiant and irritant gases toxicity. Cells tighting confinement proves to be a very efficient way to diminish and delay (from 180 to 245 degrees C) the thermal runaway phenomenon occurrence and relating toxic gas release. Vinylene carbonate as electrolyte additive is able to shift (+20 degrees C) the onset temperature, while substitution of 1/3 M LiPF6 by LiFSI does not modify the thermal behavior, nor the toxic risks. The coating of a tri-layer separator influences the irritant gas toxicity related risk, by decreasing fluorinated components release. This study highlights that some improvements regarding LIB safety can be achieved through appropriate component selection and cells integration design at a module/pack level
Assessing the performance of measurement devices for continuously monitoring of organic matter and nutrient in river water
No full textInternational audienceThe evaluation of the metrological performance parameters of 27 water quality monitoring devices for continuously measuring nutrients and organic matter in river waters was conducted both under controlled conditions in the laboratory and under field conditions during a 3-month field trial. It consisted of (i) designing protocols to assess metrological performance parameters under controlled and field conditions of monitoring devices (ii) selecting a site to conduct a field trial (iii) selecting monitoring devices and (iv) conducting the testing. The results obtained for the devices measuring nitrate, total nitrogen and organic carbon are presented in this paper. The performances evaluated under controlled conditions were very acceptable with the vast majority of the monitoring devices being characterized by a repeatability below 5 %, a bias below 10 %, a linearity deviation below 10 % and a combined expanded uncertainty below 15 %. Moreover, the monitoring devices tested were found to have quantification limits suitable with regard to the concentration levels measured in the Oise River between October 2015 and February 2016. Finally, from the results obtained as well as the feedback on testing a great variety of monitoring devices, it was possible to draw some recommendations for improving the measurements using the devices tested
Theoretical analysis of the "green" synthesis of aniline by reduction of nitrobenzene
No full textInternational audienceRecently a new chemical production means was proposed for producing aniline by reducing nitrobenzene in a much more environmentally friendly way (Tadrent et al., 2018). In particular, activated carbon and water are used instead of hydrogen on a metal catalyst without a precise detail of the process. In the present paper, a theoretical analysis is proposed based on a step by step thermodynamic examination of elementary reactions. It is found that the Haber mechanism is theoretically possible but that due to the size of the pores of the carbon, inside which the reduction occurs, only the smallest molecules can move so that the “direct” path is favored. This can explain why the yield is rather good
Effet d'une exposition répétée aux ondes radiofréquences sur la régulation thermique chez les rongeurs
No full textThe rapid expansion of communication technologies based on radiofrequency (RF) raises concerns about possible impacts on public health. At intensity levels below the threshold to produce thermal effects, RF exposure has recently been reported to elicit biological effects. The objective of the present study was to investigate the non-thermal effects of 900 MHz RF at SAR of less than 0.4 W/kg on the body and peripheral temperatures in rodents and the related mechanisms. C57BL/6J mice were exposed to RF for 7 consecutive days, twice per day, for one hour each time in climatic chambers. Wistar rats were exposed to RF for different durations (1, 4, and 7 days), 23 hours per day in reverberation chambers. The animal’s temperature was measured using two methods: telemetry transmitters for internal temperature and an infrared camera for peripheral temperature. We showed that body temperature patterns in mice change synchronously with the RF exposure periods after three days, but not in the first days. Rats exposed to RF had lower peripheral temperature than control rats after 7 days of exposure, this difference was suppressed after intraperitoneal injection of a vasodilator, prazosin, confirming vasoconstriction in exposed rats. Moreover, like responses to cold stimuli, both rats and mice exposed to RF showed changes in the morphology of white and brown adipocytes. In parallel, RF exposure led to a higher plasma concentration of important factors involved in response to cold: noradrenaline, a neurotransmitter responsible for vasoconstriction and thermogenesis, and fatty acids, markers of lipolysis in non-shivering thermogenesis. In conclusion, these findings indicate that 900 MHz RF exposure at non-thermal levels produces physiological effects on thermal regulation in both studied species, mice and rats, resembling reactions to cold. There is some indication that the primary cold sensors in mammals, TRPM8 receptors, are involved in these effects, but their role and the connected biological and physiological mechanisms in RF-induced responses remain to be further explored.L’expansion rapide des technologies de communication basées sur la propagation des radiofréquences (RF) soulève des inquiétudes quant à leurs possibles impacts sur la santé. À des niveaux d’intensité inférieurs au seuil nécessaire pour produire des effets thermiques, l’exposition aux RF a récemment été signalée comme provoquant des effets biologiques. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer les effets non-thermiques des RF de 900 MHz à des DAS inférieurs à 0,4 W/kg sur les températures corporelles et périphériques chez les rongeurs et les mécanismes associés. Des souris C57BL/6J ont été exposées aux RF pendant 7 jours consécutifs, deux fois par jour, pendant 1 heure dans des chambres climatiques. Des rats Wistar ont été exposés aux RF à des durées différentes (1, 4 et 7 jours), 23 heures par jour dans des chambres réverbérantes. La température des animaux a été mesurée à l’aide de deux méthodes : des capteurs télémétriques pour la température interne et une caméra infra-rouge pour la température périphérique. Nous avons montré que le profil de température corporelle des souris changeait de manière synchrone avec les périodes d’exposition aux RF après trois jours d’exposition, mais pas durant les premiers jours. La température périphérique des rats exposés était inférieure à celle des rats contrôles après 7 jours d’exposition, mais pas après 1 et 4 jours d’exposition. Cette différence de température a disparu après l’injection d’un vasodilatateur, la prazosine, confirmant une vasoconstriction chez les rats exposés. De plus, comme cela se produit chez les animaux exposés au froid, les rats et les souris exposés aux RF ont présenté des modifications similaires de la morphologie des adipocytes blancs et bruns. En parallèle, l’exposition aux RF a conduit à une concentration plasmatique plus élevée de facteurs impliqués dans les réponses au froid : la noradrénaline, un neurotransmetteur responsable de la vasoconstriction et de la thermogenèse, et les acides gras, témoins et facteurs de la lipolyse dans la thermogenèse sans frisson. En conclusion, ces résultats indiquent que l’exposition RF de 900 MHz à des niveaux non-thermiques produit des effets physiologiques sur la régulation thermique chez les deux espèces étudiées, les souris et les rats, ressemblant à des réactions au froid. Une première approche indique que les récepteurs TRPM8, le principal récepteur au froid chez les mammifères, sont impliqués dans les réponses induites par les RF, mais leur rôle précis et les voies biologiques et physiologiques activées restent à préciser
Estrogenic activity of surface waters using zebrafish- and human-based in vitro assays : The Danube as a case-study
No full textInternational audienceMost in vitro reporter gene assays used to assess estrogenic contamination are based on human estrogen receptor α (hERα) activation. However, fish bioassays can have distinct response to estrogenic chemicals and mixtures, questioning the relevance of human-based bioassays for assessing risk to this species. In this study, zebrafish liver cells stably expressing zebrafish ERβ2 (ZELHβ2) and human breast cancer cells expressing hERα (MELN) were used to quantify the estrogenic activity of 25 surface water samples of the Danube River, for which chemicals have been previously quantified. Most samples had a low estrogenic activity below 0.1 ng/L 17β-estradiol-equivalents that was more often detected by MELN cells, while ZELHβ2 response tend to be lower than predicted based on the chemicals identified. Nevertheless, both bioassays quantified well a higher estrogenic activity at two sites, which was confirmed in vivo using a transgenic zebrafish assay. The results are discussed considering the effect-based trigger values proposed for water quality monitoring
Three‐dimensional hydromechanical modeling of internal erosion in dike‐on‐foundation
No full textInternational audienceCurrently, numerical studies at the real scale of an entire engineering structure considering internal erosion are still rare. This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation of the effects of internal erosion within a linear dike located on a foundation. A two-dimensional (2D) finite element code has been extended to 3D in order to analyze the impact of internal erosion under more realistic hydromechanical conditions. The saturated soil has been considered as a mixture of four interacting constituents: soil skeleton, erodible fines, fluidized fine particles, and fluid. The detachment and transport of the fine particles have been modeled with a mass exchange model between the solid and the fluid phases. An elastoplastic constitutive model for sand-silt mixtures has been developed to monitor the effect of the evolution of both the porosity and the fines content induced by internal erosion upon the behavior of the soil skeleton. An unsaturated flow condition has been implemented into this coupled hydromechanical model to describe more accurately the seepage within the dike and the foundation. A stabilized finite element method was used to eliminate spurious numerical oscillations in solving the convection-dominated transport of fluidized particles. This numerical tool was then applied to a specific dike-on-foundation case subjected to internal erosion induced by a leakage located at the bottom of the foundation. Different failure modes were observed and analyzed for different boundary conditions, including the significant influence of the leakage cavity size and the elevation of the water level at the upstream and downstream sides of the dike
Projet 4éCOS : évaluation des émissions, des expositions et des risques sanitaires liés à l’activité d’un Ecosite
No full textInternational audienceLe projet 4éCOS a pour objectifs de caractériser les émissions atmosphériques de composés organiques émergents d’une plateforme regroupant plusieurs installations de traitement et de valorisation de déchets non dangereux, et d’évaluer leur influence sur l’environnement et les risques sanitaires pour les populations environnantes. La démarche a mis en œuvre plusieurs campagnes de mesures afin, d’une part, d’identifier des sources d’émission parmi les installations de la plateforme et, d’autre part, d’évaluer l’influence de ces émissions sur les milieux environnementaux et l’exposition des populations autour de la plateforme. Les résultats de mesures ont révélé des émissions de composés organiques émergents (le bisphénol A, des phtalates et des polybromodiphényléthers [PBDE]), au niveau de certaines installations : le centre de tri de déchets d’activités économiques et l’incinérateur. Toutefois, l’influence observée dans l’environnement est très limitée. Seule une influence des émissions sur l’air est observée sous les vents en limite de site pour un PBDE (BDE209). Au niveau des habitations, les valeurs mesurées dans l’air, les sols et les végétaux ne révèlent pas d’influence des émissions de la plateforme pour les phtalates et les PBDE. Les risques sanitaires estimés par inhalation et ingestion sont très faibles : plus de 10 000 fois inférieurs aux valeurs repères. La pertinence de cette démarche est validée lorsque l’on cherche à évaluer l’influence d’un ensemble de sources d’émission dans l’environnement. Les conclusions relatives aux émissions atmosphériques de composés organiques émergents, très peu documentées et non réglementées à ce jour, peuvent, dans une certaine mesure, être transposables aux installations de traitement de déchets de même nature, dès lors que le mode d’exploitation et les équipements sont similaires