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Avis de l'Anses relatif à une « demande d’avis sur un projet de cahier des charges relatif aux digestats de méthanisation d’intrants d’origine agricole et/ou agro-alimentaire »
No full textLa demande du ministère concerne un projet de cahier des charges pour la mise sur le marché et l’utilisation en tant que matières fertilisantes de digestats de méthanisation d’intrants d’origine agricole et/ou agro-alimentaire, conformément aux dispositions du point 3 de l’article L. 255-5 du code rural et de la pêche maritime. Par ailleurs, l’article R. 255-29 du code rural et de la pêche maritime précise que le cahier des charges mentionné au point 3 de l’article L. 255-5 est approuvé par arrêté du ministre chargé de l’agriculture, après avis de l’Agence.Ce projet résulte de la fusion des trois cahiers des charges DigAgri 1 et DigAgri 2 et 3. Le changement principal est de nature administrative et porte sur la suppression de la restriction à la méthanisation de type agricole. Un toilettage des dispositions en place est également opéré en conséquence.Par ailleurs, ce nouveau projet de cahier des charges permet une mise à jour et une harmonisation des dispositions du DigAgri 1 avec celles des DigAgri 2 et 3.De plus, les digestats ayant fait l’objet d’un traitement thermique ou d’un séchage sont introduits.Une dose maximale d’emploi recommandée est également proposée.Le ministère demande à l’Anses de lui indiquer si les exigences de ce nouveau cahier des charges permettent d’assurer que l’usage des digestats résultant du processus de méthanisation ne présente pas de risques pour la santé humaine, la santé animale ou l’environnement
EVALUATION DES DEBITMETRES DISPONIBLES SUR LE MARCHE POUR LE CONTROLE DES AMS PM
No full textLa norme NF EN 16450 « Air ambiant - Systèmes automatisés de mesurage (AMS) de la concentration de matière particulaire (PM10 ; PM2,5) » est parue le 29 avril 2017. Elle fixe les exigences techniques relatives aux AMS (Systèmes de Mesures Automatiques de particules dans l’air ambiant). Les AMS de type TEOM-FDMS (microbalance), jauges béta (jauges radiométriques) et FIDAS (indicateur optique) sont déclarés conformes pour la surveillance réglementaire de la qualité de l’air, car ils respectent les exigences de cette norme.Les paramètres température, pression, humidité relative (T, P, HR) et débit de ces AMS sont considérés comme « critiques » au sens de la norme NF EN 16450. En effet, ils impactent les volumes d’air prélevés donc la concentration massique mesurée de particules. En l’absence de plus de précisions sur la méthodologie à mettre en oeuvre pour la mesure de ces paramètres dans cette norme, le Laboratoire Central de Surveillance de la Qualité de l’Air (LCSQA) souhaite élaborer des protocoles d’utilisation adaptés pour le contrôle sur site de ces paramètres.Le débit ayant été identifié comme le paramètre le plus « critique », cette note est dédiée à l’évaluation des débitmètres disponibles sur le marché ; ceux-ci ont été identifiés lors d’un recensement réalisé en 2016 par le LCSQA (Ineris et IMT LILLE- DOUAI) auprès des Associations agréées de la Surveillance de la Qualité de l’Air (AASQA) et des fabricants/distributeurs. Pour ce faire, des tests ont été menés en 2018 en laboratoire et sur site par le LCSQA sur des débitmètres usuellement utilisés en AASQA afin d’identifier les causes possibles d’erreur de mesure de débit lors de leur mise en oeuvre
Développement d’une méthodologie d’évaluation des performances des microcapteurs de particules en condition de circulation automobile sur Paris
No full textInternational audienceSince the average time spent in automotive interiors in industrialized countries exceeds one hour a day, the monitoring of individual PM exposures in such environments is a matter of public concern. Low-cost optical sensors seem to be able to tackle this challenge thanks to interesting features. However, although the benefits of such products are many, technical locks subsist and are just as numerous. Focused on PM2.5 and carried out in real conditions of mobility by Paris, this study aims to present the first results of an innovative methodology comparing data provided by low-cost optical sensors, optical PM-counters and reference measurements under real traffic conditions. Although the results of the two campaigns show large differences between the nominal values provided by the sensors and those obtained by gravimetry, they nevertheless tend to validate the methodological approach and to show that the reference-sensor correlation coefficients remain high (r = 0 , 74). The exploitation of all the acquisitions provides the tracks for understanding the metrological biases observed.Dans la mesure où le temps quotidien moyen en habitacle automobile au sein de la population des pays industrialisés dépasse l’heure, la surveillance des expositions individuelles aux PM dans de tels environnements constitue une préoccupation croissante à laquelle les capteurs optiques bas-coûts cherchent à répondre. Si les avantages apportés par de tels équipements sont nombreuses, les verrous scientifiques et technologiques sont tout aussi nombreux. Centrée sur les PM2.5 et réalisée en conditions réelles de mobilité à Paris et ses environs, cette étude vise ainsi à présenter les premiers résultats d’une méthodologie innovante comparant des données fournies par des capteurs optiques bas-coûts, des compteurs particulaires et des mesures obtenues par gravimétrie en conditions réelles de circulation. Si les résultats des deux campagnes illustrent de forts écarts entre les valeurs nominales affichées par les capteurs et celles obtenues par gravimétrie, ils tendent cependant à valider l’approche méthodologique et à montrer que les coefficients de corrélation référence-capteurs restent élevés (r = 0,74). L’exploitation de l’ensemble des acquisitions fournit les pistes de compréhension des biais métrologiques observés
Hydromechanical modeling of granular soils considering internal erosion
No full textInternational audienceThis paper attempts to formulate a coupled practical model in the framework of continuum mechanics to evaluate the internal erosion and its consequences on the mechanical behavior of soils. For this purpose, a four-constituent numerical approach has been developed to describe the internal erosion process. The detachment and transport of the fine particles have been described by a mass exchange formulation between the solid and fluid phases. The stress-strain relationship of the soil is represented by a non-linear incremental model. Based on experimental data, this constitutive model has been enhanced by the introduction of a fines content dependent critical state, which allows accounting for the influence of fines on soil deformation and strength. The applicability of the practical approach to capture the main features of the internal erosion process and its impact on the mechanical behavior of the eroded soil has been validated by comparing numerical and experimental results of internal erosion tests on HK-CDG mixtures, which demonstrated that the practical model was able to reproduce, with a reasonable success, the experimental data. Furthermore, the influence of the stress state, the initial soil density, and the initial fraction of fines have been analyzed through numerical simulations using the proposed model
Emission rate assessment of airborne brake particles by characterization of the pad and disc surfaces from a pin-on-disc tribometer
No full textInternational audienceParticles from brake, road and tire wear contribute to about half of the emissions (PM10) of particulate traffic pollution. It is estimated that 50 to 70% of the brake debris material is transformed into an emission of polydisperse aerosols. In order to improve the understanding of the brake debris generation and its dependency on the brake material, the wear of a disc and a brake pad from a standard production car were studied. The disc was made of perlitic cast iron with lamellar graphite and subjected to standard braking cycles. Microscopic evaluation was performed on the disc track, as well as analyses by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Finally, a metallographic section has been made in the longitudinal direction of friction to better understand the morphology. The study focuses on disc surface oxidation and morphology of a thin layer on both disc and pin surface. Particle concentrations increase with the friction power and the area of contact surface. The observations show that the generation of particles can be the result of the oxidation of the disc surface during friction by two- and three-body abrasion when braking
Characterization of the nano-bio interaction between metallic oxide nanomaterials and freshwater microalgae using flow cytometry
No full textInternational audienceSince nanomaterials (NMs) are particulate contaminants, their first contact with organisms is a physical encounter ruled by physic-chemical processes that can determinate the potential NMs accumulation, toxicity, and trophic transfer. Freshwater ecosystems often become a final depository for NMs, so they can get in contact with the biota, especially primary organisms as algae. There are almost none comparative studies of this interaction using various NMs in the same conditions. This work identifies, analyzes, and compares the algae-NMs interaction by flow cytometry after a short-term contact test in which three freshwater algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata,Desmodesmus subspicatus,andChlorella vulgaris)interact individually with a set of twelve metallic oxide NMs. Dose-response profiles and differences in the algae-NMs interaction were found according to each algae species (C. vulgarishad the most affinity, starting the interaction from 0.5 mg/L andD. subspicatushad the less affinity starting at 5 mg/L). Flow cytometry results were confirmed by optical microscopy. Some NMs characteristics were identified as key-factors that govern the algae-NMs interaction: NMs composition (no interaction for SiO2NMs), surface electric charge (higher interaction for the positively charged NMs and lower interaction for the negatively charged ones) and crystalline form (for TiO2NMs). The presented method can be useful for a rapid determination of the interaction between free cells organisms as microalgae and (nano)particulate substances
An active biomonitoring approach using three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus, L.) to assess the efficiency of a constructed wetland as tertiary treatment of wastewater
No full textInternational audienceThe present work aimed to assess the efficiency of a constructed wetland as tertiary treatment on urban wastewater with a multibiomarker approach using caged three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.). Fish were caged on three sites: at the entrance of the Constructed Wetland (CW), directly inside the wastewater effluent, at the exit of the CW, and in a weakly impacted site considered as a reference. After 21 days of caging, sticklebacks state of health was assessed using several biomarkers representing some biological functions such as innate immune and antioxidant systems, biotransformation enzymes, reproduction parameters and synaptic transmission. A strong inhibition of the innate immune system, an induction of EROD activity and an alteration of the hepatosomatic index were observed in fish caged at the entrance of the CW compared to those caged in the reference site. In addition, wastewater effluent induced a decrease of antioxidant system without induced oxidative damage on cell membranes. No improvement of these biomarkers was observed for antioxidant parameters at the exit of the CW. However, in fish caged at the exit of the CW, the EROD induction observed at the entrance was reduced and the innate immune system presented the same level compared to fish caged in the reference site, underlying the beneficial effect of the CW for these parameters. Integrated Biomarker response (IBR) was equal to 25.2 at the entrance of the CW and 17.4 at the exit of the CW which highlighted the global positive effect of the CW on water quality based on fish biomarker measurement
The prediction multi-phase, multi reactant equilibria by minimizing the Gibbs energy of the system : Review of available techniques and proposal of a new method based on a Monte Carlo technique
No full textInternational audienceSince already a few decades, researchers developed tools to predict chemical reactions in the context of the chemical industry. Numerical tools are now available to predict final chemical equilibriums using the principle of minimizing the Gibbs free energy of the reactions. In this paper, after recalling some basis on thermochemical equilibria, a brief review of the most renown techniques available to find the minimum of the Gibbs energy is presented. From this, limitations are discussed. Mathematically, the equations are always strongly non-linear, and the standard step by step resolution techniques may fail to find the global minimum. When non-mixed phases are present (solids, for instance), the calculations often fail. An example is given with biphenyl-CO2 mixtures. Especially when many phases are postulated. An alternative resolution method is proposed based on a Monte Carlo method which does not require nor a linearization of the Gibbs equation neither a step by step resolution. The method can solve any multi-phase and any multi-reactant equilibrium but is much more computer resource demanding than the traditional methods. It was implemented in a home-made code (CIRCE) briefly described in Appendix A
Chronic simultaneous exposure of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) from embryonic to juvenile stage to drospirenone and gestodene at low ng/L level caused intersex
No full textInternational audienceSynthetic progestins are emerging contaminants of the aquatic environment with endocrine disrupting potential. The main aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the synthetic progestins gestodene, and drospirenone on sex differentiation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by histological analysis. To gain insights into the mechanisms behind the observations from the in vivo experiment on sex differentiation, we analyzed expression of genes involved in hypothalamus–pituitary–gonad (HPG) and hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axes, histology of hepatopancreas, and in vitro bioassays. Carp were continuously exposed to concentrations of 2 ng/L of single progestins (gestodene or drospirenone) or to their mixture at concentration 2 ng/L of each. The exposure started 24 h after fertilization of eggs and concluded 160 days post-hatching. Our results showed that exposure of common carp to a binary mixture of drospirenone and gestodene caused increased incidence of intersex (32%) when compared to clean water and solvent control groups (both 3%). Intersex most probably was induced by a combination of multiple modes of action of the studied substances, namely anti-gonadotropic activity, interference with androgen receptor, and potentially also with HPT axis or estrogen receptor
Effects of chronic exposure to a pharmaceutical mixture on the three-spined stickleback (gasterosteus aculeatus) population dynamics in lotic mesocosms
No full textInternational audiencePharmaceutical substances are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment and their concentration levels typically range from ng/L up to several μg/L. Furthermore, as those compounds are designed to be highly biologically active, assessing their impacts on non-target organisms is important. Here, we conducted a mesocosm experiment testing a mixture of five pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, carbamazepine, irbesartan, acetaminophen and naproxen) on fish, three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). The mixture concentration levels were chosen on the basis of the contamination of the Meuse river in Belgium which had been measured previously during a monitoring campaign undertaken in 2015 and 2016. Three nominal mixture concentration levels were tested: the lowest concentration level mixture was composed by environmentally-relevant concentrations that approximate average realistic values for each pharmaceuticals (Mx1); the two other levels were 10 and 100 times these concentrations. Although no impact on stickleback prey was observed, the mixture significantly impaired the survival of female fish introduced in the mesocosms at the highest treatment level without causing other major differences on fish population structure. Impacts on condition factors of adults and juveniles were also observed at both individual and population levels. Using a modelling approach with an individual-based model coupled to a bioenergetic model (DEB-IBM), we concluded that chronic exposure to environmentally-relevant concentrations of five pharmaceuticals often detected in the rivers did not appear to strongly affect the three-spined stickleback populations. Mechanisms of population regulation may have counteracted the mixture impacts in the mesocosms