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Caractérisation haute résolution des sites pollués: Tests d’outils innovants pour la mesure de flux et concentrations – projet HRSC
No full textInternational audienceLa caractérisation de la pollution du milieu souterrain d’un site est un enjeu essentiel pour définir les actions de remédiation et atteindre les objectifs associés. Or la caractérisation des pollutions, par l’intermédiaire d’un prélèvement classique (i.e. concentration moyenne) d’eau souterraine dans un piézomètre, ne permet pas de traduire la complexité des sites. Des prélèvements multiniveaux et l’acquisition de données complémentaires aux données de qualité chimique des eaux peuvent permettre de répondre à ce besoin de caractérisation détaillée des eaux souterraines. Les tests de déploiement d’outils multiniveaux sur 2 sites réels ont montré le caractère opérationnel de ces outils, leur capacité à mettre en évidence les hétérogénéités verticales des concentrations en HCT et COHV, des vitesses d’écoulement et des flux de polluants. Ces tests ont permis de montrer l’apport de ces outils et d’expliquer des différences observées entre les outils déployés et vis-à-vis des mesures classiques (concentration moyenne sur l’épaisseur de la lame d’eau dans le puits). Ce projet a ainsi permis de porter à connaissance de la communauté des sites et sols polluées au travers d’une vidéo et de fiches détaillant les périmètres d’utilisation de ces outils, les conditions opérationnelles de leur mise en oeuvre mais aussi leurs limites
Effets sur la santé des composés aromatiques polycycliques oxygénés
No full textInternational audienceLes composés aromatiques polycycliques oxygénés (CAP-O) sont mesurés dans les eaux souterraines en aval de sites pollués par des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP). En l’absence de données suffisantes sur les CAP-O concernant leurs effets sur la santé, des effets toxiques de nature similaire à ceux des HAP (cancérogène et reprotoxique) sont à craindre.Des essais in vitro ont été menés sur 11 CAP-O comprenant des mesures des activités dioxin like, (anti)androgéniques et oestrogéniques et des effets génotoxiques. Pour les 3 composés les plus toxiques in vitro, des tests sur embryons de poisson zèbre ont été réalisés pour évaluer la toxicité aigüe, les effets tératogènes et les potentiels effets oestrogéniques au cours du développement dans une lignée transgénique. Ces essais ont été complétés par une approche de prédiction in silico d’effet menée avec plusieurs techniques (ancrage moléculaire, QSAR).Nos résultats expérimentaux montrent un mécanisme d’action similaire à celui des HAP en cohérence avec les données de la littérature et les prédictions. Ces données seront complétées avec la campagne de prélèvements sur site qui est en cours mais conduisent déjà à craindre la possibilité d’effets cumulés
Phytoremediation potential of metallophytes in Europe: Progress, enhancement strategies, and biomass utilisation
No full textInternational audiencePhytoremediation is a plant-driven process, widely regarded as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly in situ approach for remediating contaminated soil and water by taking up contaminants including potentially toxic elements (PTEs). In the last two decades, substantial research has focused on elucidating the mechanisms of phytoremediation and enhancing its efficiency, primarily through the identification of optimal plant species and the use of various amendments. Nevertheless, real-scale application of phytoremediation remains rare, and several critical questions need to be addressed, including selection of most effective species, improved effectiveness of phytoremediation process, and managing the safe utilisation of contaminated biomass. This review specifically focuses on phytoremediation of potentially toxic metals and metalloids in major metallophyte groups (wild herbaceous species, trees, and agricultural crops) recognizing the most efficient species for the anthropogenically influenced soils in Europe. It summarises the current state of knowledge regarding the use of respective plant species, highlighting the phytoremediation efficiency, critically examining existing and novel phytoremediation enhancement strategies and biomass utilisation pathways for each particular group. Future perspectives and research needed to refine the efficiency and economic viability of the phytoremediation process in Europe lay in better recognition of underlying physiological mechanism for metal stress tolerance, particularly among the most effective species and genera, application of synergistic enhancing techniques for delineated group of metallophytes and development of sustainable and cost-effective biomass utilisation routes
Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service – Regional Air Quality Production System v1.0
No full textInternational audienceAbstract. The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) delivers a wide range of free and open products in relation to atmospheric composition at global and regional scales. The CAMS Regional Service produces daily forecasts, analyses, and reanalyses of air quality in Europe. This service relies on a distributed modelling production by 11 teams in 10 European countries: CHIMERE (France), DEHM (Denmark), EMEP (Norway), EURAD-IM (Germany), GEM-AQ (Poland), LOTOS-EUROS (the Netherlands), MATCH (Sweden), MINNI (Italy), MOCAGE (France), MONARCH (Spain), and SILAM (Finland). The project management and coordination of the service is conducted by a Centralised Regional Production Unit. Every day, each model produces 24 h analyses for the previous day and 97 h forecasts for 19 chemical species over a spatial domain at 0.1 × 0.1° resolution (approximately 10 km × 10 km), with 420 points in latitude and 700 in longitude and 10 vertical levels. Six pollen species are also delivered for the surface forecasts. The 11 individual models are then combined into an ENSEMBLE median. In total, more than 82 billion data points are made available for public use on a daily basis. The design of the system follows clear technical requirements in terms of consistency in the model setup and forcing fields (meteorology, surface anthropogenic emission fluxes, and chemical boundary conditions). But it also benefits from a diversity in the description of atmospheric processes through the design of the 11 European chemistry-transport models (CTMs) involved. The present article aims to provide a comprehensive technical documentation, both for the setup and for the diversity of CTMs involved in the service. We also include an overview of the main output products, their public dissemination, and the related evaluation and quality control strategy
Design and validation of an experimental set-up to study shock wave propagation in liquid foams
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Identification of new PFAS for severe interference with thyroid hormone transport: A combined in vitro/silico approach
No full textInternational audienceA tiered in vitro/in silico approach was developed to screen 12,654 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) for their potential to disrupt the thyroid hormone transport. Initially, a set of 45 PFAS was tested using TTR-TRβ-CALUX bioassay, which was subsequently employed to develop a classification model, distinguishing active and inactive PFAS. The model fulfills all good practices for QSAR model validation and can predict whether a given PFAS can disrupt plasma transport of the thyroid hormone (T4). Subsequently, active compounds were used to develop two regression approaches: (i) multiple linear regression MLR, and (ii) second approach aimed at identifying multiple valid QSAR models based on different data-splitting strategies. Finally, a comprehensive virtual screening of a large PFAS dataset was conducted to assess their potency in disrupting thyroid hormone transport. The predictions indicated that more than 7500 compounds were active with over 100 PFAS potentially causing even greater adverse effects than PFOA. These findings highlight the critical role of integrating New Approach Methodologies (NAM)-based in vitro toxicity testing with multifaceted molecular modeling in assessing the risks associated with PFAS contamination in environmental matrices
Investigating the "blues" of safety professionals
No full textInternational audienceThe aim of this article is twofold. First, it introduces a phenomenon of discontent among safety professionals, termed the "blues," expressed through several recent critical publications about their profession. Although different in tone and geographical origin, these publications share similar analyses about the profession's dysfunctions. The main criticisms focus on excessive bureaucratisation, simplistic approaches to safety, disconnection from field reality, and lack of professional recognition. The authors of these books particularly denounce the excessive time spent on reports and indicators at the expense of more concrete prevention actions. Second, the article outlines a research project to understand better the representativeness of this "blues" and its implications for the profession, particularly by exploring links with the quest for meaningful work and mechanisms of dissonance between professional ideals and field reality
5G Radiofrequency Exposure Reduces PRDM16 and C/EBP β mRNA Expression, Two Key Biomarkers for Brown Adipogenesis
No full textInternational audienceThe widespread use of wireless technologies has raised public health concerns about the biological effects of radiofrequency (RF) exposure. Children have a higher specific absorption rate (SAR) of radiation energy compared to adults. Furthermore, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is more prevalent in infants and tends to decrease with age. Previous animal studies demonstrated a cold sensation in rats exposed to 900 MHz (second generation, 2G). UCP1-dependent thermogenesis and BAT hyperplasia are two fundamental adaptive mechanisms initiated in response to cold. This study investigated the impact of short-term exposure to 2G and fifth generation (5G) on key thermogenic and adipogenic markers related to these mechanisms while considering age and exposure duration. Juvenile and young adult Wistar rats were randomized into three subgroups: a 5G group (3.5 GHz), 2G group (900 MHz), and a control group (SHAM). They were exposed to their respective continuous-wave RF signals for 1 or 2 weeks at an intensity of 1.5 V/m, with two exposure sessions of 1 h per day. After the exposure period, a RT-qPCR was carried out to evaluate the genetic markers involved in BAT thermogenesis and adipogenesis. Two adipogenic biomarkers were affected; a fold change reduction of 49% and 32% was detected for PRDM16 (p = 0.016) and C/EBP β (p = 0.0002), respectively, after 5G exposure, regardless of age and exposure duration. No significant RF effect was found on UCP1-dependent thermogenesis at a transcriptional level. These findings suggest that exposure to a 5G radiofrequency may partially disrupt brown adipocyte differentiation and thermogenic function by downregulating PRDM16 and C/EBP β, possibly leading to higher cold sensitivity
Evaluation of the toxicity of combustion smokes at the air–liquid interface: a comparison between two lung cell models and two exposure methods
No full textInternational audienceIn vitro tests at the air–liquid interface (ALI) represent valuable alternatives to animal experiments to assess the acute toxicity of inhalable compounds. However, these methods still need to be characterized for the toxicity evaluation of complex mixtures such as combustion smokes. In this study, Alveolar type I or Alveolar type 2 cells in co-culture with macrophages were investigated as models for evaluating the acute toxicity of complex mixtures at the air–liquid interface. In that purpose, smokes/obscurants were generated from pyrotechnic devices of known toxic potentials in a 1.3 m3 chamber and the co-cultures were exposed to smokes in static (directly in the chamber) or in dynamic using Vitrocell® modules. After exposure to smokes, static exposure induced higher cell mortality compared to dynamic, likely due to an increased dose. Nevertheless, we could still discriminate between a high-toxic (TA) and a low-toxic (RP) smoke using both exposure methods. Due to important cell mortality in static, oxidative and inflammatory potentials were only evaluated in dynamic mode. Reactive oxygen species were generated in response to smokes in hAELVI-THP-1 but not in A549-THP-1. After exposure to TA, increased levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α were released by A549-THP-1 compared to the control while hAELVI-THP-1 released significant amount of IL-8. No inflammation was reported following exposure to RP, likely due to important cell mortality. Although discrepancies exist between the two cell models and exposure modes, these results suggest that both co-cultures and exposure methods remain promising for evaluating the toxicity of inhalable mixtures such as smokes
New approach methodologies in human health risk assessment across European regulatory frameworks: Status quo, barriers and drivers for regulatory acceptance and use
No full textInternational audienceThe traditional approaches to chemical risk assessment for human health are continuously challenged by their limitations, such as validity concerns, societal pressure to use animal-free methods, and resource constraints. New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) are considered a promising avenue toward modernisation of chemical risk assessment practices but their implementation in practice has been slow. This article aims to investigate the perspectives of human health risk assessors on the status quo, barriers and drivers of the acceptance and use of NAMs across different regulatory frameworks. A mixed method design was applied: qualitative interviews (N = 19) and an online survey with human health risk assessors from industry, regulatory agencies/institutions and academia (N = 222). The results show heterogeneity in familiarity and use of specific NAMs (e.g., QSARs as well-known and used vs. −omics approaches that are seldom used), the risk assessors’ background (e.g., industry vs. regulatory agencies and institutions vs. academia) and the application context (e.g., screening/prioritisation vs. hazard identification/characterisation). The identified barriers and drivers offer pointers for the future integration and acceptance of NAMs in regulatory risk assessment. For instance, guidance documents can facilitate the use of NAMs, showcasing successful examples that increase trust in the methods and thus, the risk assessors’ confidence in using these methods. Among other things, the article highlights the importance of considering human health risk assessors’ needs and prerequisites to foster bottom-up coordinated efforts and to ensure the success of top-down legal and institutional change to incorporate NAMs in regulatory risk assessment